Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal products of a number of biochemical reactions and are important signaling molecules. However, at the same time, they are toxic to cells and have to be strictly regulated by their antioxidant systems. The etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases are associated with increased ROS levels, and many external stress factors directly or indirectly cause oxidative stress in cells. Within this context, the overexpression of genes encoding the proteins in antioxidant systems seems to have become a viable approach to decrease the oxidative stress caused by pathological conditions and to increase cellular stress resistance. However, such manipulations unavoidably lead to side effects, the most dangerous of which is an increased probability of healthy tissue malignization or increased tumor aggression. The aims of the present review were to collect and systematize the results of studies devoted to the effects resulting from the overexpression of antioxidant system genes on stress resistance and carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In most cases, the overexpression of these genes was shown to increase cell and organism resistances to factors that induce oxidative and genotoxic stress but to also have different effects on cancer initiation and promotion. The last fact greatly limits perspectives of such manipulations in practice. The overexpression of GPX3 and SOD3 encoding secreted proteins seems to be the “safest” among the genes that can increase cell resistance to oxidative stress. High efficiency and safety potential can also be found for SOD2 overexpression in combinations with GPX1 or CAT and for similar combinations that lead to no significant changes in H₂O₂ levels. Accumulation, systematization, and the integral analysis of data on antioxidant gene overexpression effects can help to develop approaches for practical uses in biomedical and agricultural areas. Additionally, a number of factors such as genetic and functional context, cell and tissue type, differences in the function of transcripts of one and the same gene, regulatory interactions, and additional functions should be taken into account.

Studies investigating the taxonomic diversity and structure of soil bacteria in areas with enhanced radioactive backgrounds have been ongoing for three decades. An analysis of data published from 1996 to 2024 reveals changes in the taxonomic structure of radioactively contaminated soils compared to the reference, showing that these changes are not exclusively dependent on contamination rates or pollutant compositions. High levels of radioactive exposure from external irradiation and a high radionuclide content lead to a decrease in the alpha diversity of soil bacterial communities, both in laboratory settings and environmental conditions. The effects of low or moderate exposure are not consistently pronounced or unidirectional. Functional differences among taxonomic groups that dominate in contaminated soil indicate a variety of adaptation strategies. Bacteria identified as multiple-stress tolerant; exhibiting tolerance to metals and antibiotics; producing antioxidant enzymes, low-molecular antioxidants, and radioprotectors; participating in redox reactions; and possessing thermophilic characteristics play a significant role. Changes in the taxonomic and functional structure, resulting from increased soil radionuclide content, are influenced by the combined effects of ionizing radiation, the chemical toxicity of radionuclides and co-contaminants, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the initial bacterial community composition. Currently, the quantification of the differential contributions of these factors based on the existing published studies presents a challenge.

В статье даётся оценка закономерностей восстановления загрязнённых нефтью экосистем на основе использования различных методов почвоведения, почвенной энзимологии, микробиологии, метагеномного анализа, почвенной зоологии и геоботаники. Проведён анализ динамики растительности на участках опытной рекультивации за 17-летний период восстановления. Предложен оригинальный подход в биодиагностике экосистем с нефтяным загрязнением - применение концепции жизненных стратегий растений Раменского-Грайма. Показано, что использование данного метода позволяет дать интегральную оценку состояния растительности при восстановительных сукцессиях после разливов нефти и делать выводы об эффективности методов ремедиации. Впервые предпринята попытка использования данных метагеномного анализа в диагностике состояния почв с нефтяным загрязнением в условиях Субарктики. Выявлена индикационная значимость филума ацидобактерии (царство Бактерии) и отдела аскомицеты (царство Грибы). В качестве индикаторных таксонов представлены трофические группы почвенных микроорганизмов и почвенные беспозвоночные. При модельной рекультивации ex situ болотной торфяной почвы показана информативность целлюлазной и уреазной активности в условиях нефтяного...