SMW (soil mixing wall) piles have been widely used in soft soil areas such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Tianjin and so on, and they have many advantages, such as retaining the structures of foundation pits. In order to promote the application of SMW piles in sandy soil areas such as Henan province, SMW piles were used in a deep foundation pit project of a high-rise building in Zhengzhou. Three SMW piles in the middle area of the foundation pit were selected for site measurement to determine the mechanical properties of SMW piles in sandy soil areas. Several typical test sections were determined along the height of the pile. The vibrating string type of the reinforcement dynamometers were set on the H-shaped steel of each test section, and the stress distribution of the H-shaped steel along the depth of the pit was obtained via testing. The axial force, bending moment and shearing force of the H-shaped steel were further calculated, and the affecting factors and development laws of the internal force distribution of the H-shaped steel were analyzed in detail. The research shows that, at the stage of foundation pit excavation, the overall stress of H-shaped steel increases gradually. The axial force of H-shaped steel in an SMW pile is mainly affected by such factors as the weight of the H-shaped steel, the weight of the crown beam and the first support system, the weight of the breast beam and the second support system, and the frictional resistance of the cemented soil. The bending moment and shearing force of H-shaped steel are mainly affected by such factors as the lateral soil pressure and the concentrated forces of the two support systems. When the foundation pit was excavated to the base, the development of and changes in the law of internal force with regard to the H-shaped steel was analyzed. When the overall internal force of the H-shaped steel is at its maximum, the maximum absolute values in terms of the axial force, bending moment and shearing force are −481 KN, 371 KN·m and 123 KN. In the process of foundation pit excavation and backfilling, the point of contraflexure of the H-shaped steel moves down gradually, and the fixed end of corresponding SMW pile also moves down and stabilizes below the base. These results may provide a reference for the design and construction of SMW piles of building structures in sandy soil areas.

This study presents a comprehensive construction monitoring program for a geometrically complex, large-span spatial tubular truss system within a typical center steel exhibition hall. To ensure construction quality and structural integrity throughout the entire process, the monitoring strategy was rigorously aligned with the actual construction sequence. Real-time vertical displacement measurements were acquired at critical structural members and joints. A detailed finite element model of the entire structure was developed to systematically analyze the structural behavior of herringbone columns, primary and secondary trusses, and temporary supports during both installation and removal phases. Displacement patterns at key locations were investigated, and a global stability assessment was performed. Results demonstrate close agreement between finite element predictions and field measurements, confirming the rationality and reliability of the construction scheme. The structural system exhibited excellent stability across all construction stages, satisfying both architectural aesthetics and structural safety requirements. This study provides practical insights for construction control of similar large-span steel structures.

Based on the Zhengzhou–Xuchang Intercity Railway tunnel project passing beneath Terminal 1 of Xinzheng International Airport, this study employs a three-dimensional numerical analysis model to investigate the effects of tunnel depth and pile foundation structure on ground surface settlement and pile foundation response during twin-line shield tunnelling in typical cohesive soils under tunnel side-crossing and under-crossing conditions. The results indicate that during tunnel side-crossing, the ground surface settlement profiles evolved from V-shaped to W-shaped before and after twin-tunnel breakthrough. With increasing tunnel depth, the lateral displacement profiles of the left-row and right-row piles transformed from spindle-shaped to X-shaped. With increasing pile count, the maximum axial force per pile decreased from 320.1 kN in the single-pile configuration to 197.4 kN in the six-pile configuration, a reduction of 38.3%. During tunnel under-crossing, the lateral displacement profiles of both left-row and right-row piles exhibit X-shaped profiles at different tunnel depths, and the pile-top displacement varies slightly with a maximum of 1.1 mm. With increasing pile count, the maximum axial force per pile decreased from 202.2 kN to 132.1 kN, a reduction of 34.7%. The findings provide valuable reference for design and construction control of twin-line shield tunnels crossing existing airport pile foundations in cohesive soil.

It is an important research topic to study the mechanical properties of rockfill from a meso-level perspective using numerical methods. And the formation of initial set of rockfill particles, represented by polygons/polyhedrons, is a key step in numerical simulation. Advancing front algorithm is an efficient formation algorithm, the locus in it is designed to determine the position of a new particle. We found Minkowski sum and locus polygon can be transformed into other. There are a few of research on locus polygon, but a lot of researches on Minkowski sum, so Minkowski sum algorithms can be used to enrich advancing front algorithm. Therefore, advancing front packing algorithm for polygons based on Minkowski sum is proposed, which can obtain a random initial packing of polygons efficiently and can achieve a higher area fraction.

Multi-floored grain warehouses are widely used in China due to their efficient space utilization and high storage capacity. This study evaluates the seismic performance of such structures using a Composite Structure of Steel and Concrete (CSSC) system under various grain-loading conditions. A finite element model was developed in OpenSees based on actual loading scenarios, with both pushover and time history analyses conducted. Results show that the EEF condition (E = Empty, F = Full; top–middle–bottom = Empty–Empty–Full) leads to a 35.14% increase in peak base shear compared to the FEE condition (grain on the top floor only). Capacity spectrum analysis indicates that EEF provides higher initial stiffness and lower displacement across all performance points. Time history results reveal that configurations with lighter upper mass (EFF, EEE) are more prone to top-floor acceleration amplification, while FFF and FFE demonstrate more stable responses due to balanced mass distribution. The maximum inter-story drift consistently occurs at the second floor, with FFF and FFE showing the most significant deformation. All drift ratios meet code limits, confirming the safety and applicability of the CSSC system under various storage scenarios.