Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause both benign and malignant lesions. HPV vaccines, preferably administered before the onset of sexual activity, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in preventing HPV-related cancers. The impact of a healthcare provider’s recommendation on HPV vaccine acceptance is substantial. Therefore, medical students must undergo thorough training in this domain. This study compares fundamental understanding and viewpoints regarding HPV and anti-HPV vaccines among Polish students pursuing medical and non-medical sciences. This study was based on the authors’ questionnaire, and the results were statistically analyzed. The participants in this study were 1025 students (medical sciences students—520 respondents in total; and non-medical sciences students—505 respondents in total). According to the results, medical students’ knowledge about the consequences of HPV infection and vaccination against HPV was significantly greater. To date, numerous publications have investigated the understanding of particular social, gender, parental, etc., groups about vaccination, but the knowledge of students at different universities—medical and other—has not been compared. Social awareness is still insufficient, even in groups of medical students. There is much to be done to educate and encourage preventive behavior in those not receiving primary prevention in early childhood.

Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an adjunctive therapeutic method that uses purposeful human-animal interaction in the treatment process. Systematic literature reviews and randomized controlled trials from the last few years (2015-2025) demonstrate that AAT has significant effects in reducing anxiety, depression, pain, and improving the quality of life of patients with various diseases. This paper analyzes the biological mechanisms of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), its clinical applications, and research limitations, pointing to the need for standardized research methods and greater interest in this form of intervention in healthcare systems.

Infertility is a significant global health issue. It can have profound medical, psychological, and social consequences. As medical understanding of reproductive health advances, numerous factors contributing to reduced fertility have been identified. In recent years, nutritional supplementation has gained increasing attention as a potential adjunct to standard infertility treatments. Research now investigates its roles in various biological and reproductive processes. To review current knowledge on the role, safety, and mechanisms of nutritional supplements in infertility treatment. We conducted a narrative review of scientific literature from 2012 to 2025. The search included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and guidelines from scientific societies. Studies of low methodological quality were excluded. The strongest evidence supports folic acid supplementation, which acts as a methyl donor to improve oocyte quality and prevent neural tube defects. Myo-inositol demonstrated 85% effectiveness in restoring ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Coenzyme Q10 improves oocyte quality, especially in women over 35 years old. Antioxidants and minerals support sperm health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing seminal parameters. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modify cell membrane fluidity to enhance sperm quality, particularly when the omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio is optimized. Probiotics may support treatment by promoting a healthy gut microbiota and lowering systemic oxidative stress. Nutritional supplementation is a promising supportive approach in infertility treatment. What is more, personalized supplementation based on metabolic and genetic profiles is a future direction. Supplements are generally safe at recommended doses; however, precautions against overdose and self-medication are essential.

Introduction. Stroke is one of the leading causes of chronic disability worldwide. Conventional rehabilitation frequently faces challenges regarding accessibility, high costs, and difficulties in sustaining patient motivation. These constraints often lead to insufficient training intensity, thereby limiting therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, exploring alternative therapeutic solutions is necessary to enhance clinical outcomes. Aim. This review evaluates the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Robotic-Assisted Training (RAT), and telerehabilitation in post-stroke recovery. Methods. A search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted. Included were randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses examining digital technologies in neurorehabilitation. Results. VR and AR improve motor and cognitive functions via immersive feedback. RAT proves effective in delivering high-intensity practice, particularly for lower limb mobility in severe cases, though its superiority over conventional therapy for upper limbs remains inconclusive. Telerehabilitation offers accessibility comparable to face-to-face therapy but relies heavily on patient adherence. Conclusions. Digital technologies address traditional limitations by enabling high-dosage, engaging training that facilitates functional recovery. Future research should focus on optimizing protocols and integrating these solutions into long-term plans.

The aim of this paper is to review current and emerging methods of surgical treatment of long bone fractures. Particular attention is paid to features such as fixation stability, protection of the biological environment and the impact of new technologies. Classic techniques, such as locking plates and intramedullary nails, remain the standard, offering comparable treatment results with differences in the frequency of complications. MIPO reduces blood supply destabilization and preserves post-traumatic hematoma, reducing the number of complications. Rapidly developing methods such as 3D printing and robotic surgery enable precise planning and personalization of implants, leading to increased positioning accuracy and reducing radiation exposure. At the same time, there is growing interest in biodegradable implants. Magnesium alloys show osteogenic and angiogenic potential, although their clinical effectiveness depends on controlling the rate of degradation. PLGA polymers are used especially in pediatric traumatology, eliminating the need for metal removal. However, many of the innovations described require further research. Combining classic methods with new technologies allows for individualized treatment and optimized results.

Chronic non-specific low back pain (NSCLBP) is defined as pain and discomfort lasting at least 12 weeks that cannot be clearly attributed to a specific structural pathology after excluding specific causes of back pain. It is a significant health problem with a major impact on patients' functioning, reducing quality of life, limiting mobility and increasing the number of comorbidities. NSCLBP is also associated with a higher risk of mortality. This is a global problem, it is estimated that chronic lower back pain affects around 8% of the adult population, providing a therapeutic challenge for physicians of many specialties across several continents. The treatment protocol for NSCLBP includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, which involve a variety of exercises that differ in terms of difficulty and effectiveness. Exercise-based therapies vary in type, intensity and clinical efficacy, ranging from core stabilization exercises, stretching and strength training to aerobic activities such as walking or swimming. Exercise is a key component in the treatment of NSCLBP, as evidenced by data showing significant reductions in pain and disability. Medication helps with the flare-ups, but cannot replace physical activity when it comes to achieving a genuine, lasting recovery and a return to normal activity.