Interactions between drugs are a common problem in Intensive Care Unit patients, as they mainly have a critical condition that often demands the administration of multiple drugs simultaneously. Antibiotics are among the most frequently used medications, as infectious diseases are often observed in ICU patients. In this review, the most important antibiotic–drug interactions, based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms, were gathered together and described. In particular, some of the most important interactions with main groups of antibacterial drugs were observed in patients simultaneously prescribed oral anticoagulants, NSAIDs, loop diuretics, and valproic acid. As a result, the activity of drugs can be increased or decreased, as dosage modification might be necessary. It should be noted that these crucial interactions can help predict and avoid negative consequences, leading to better patient recovery. Moreover, since there are other factors, such as fluid therapy or albumins, which may also modify the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy, it is important for anaesthesiologists to be aware of them.

Androgenetic alopecia is a widespread problem in contemporary dermatology, as it may also affect many young patients, in particular males, making them more prone to anxiety and depression which may be caused by a distorted body image. These behavioural problems may occur in older individuals as well. That is why, there is an obvious need for further development in that area of dermatology, which should also include discovering new therapies. In men, the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia is quite simple, and the treatment usually involves incorporating minoxidil and/or finasteride. Switching from topical minoxidil to its systemic form as well as from finasteride to dutasteride may give better results in some patients. In general, male pattern hair loss (MPHL) is a chronic disease that may demand pharmacological treatment in the long term, which is often unlimited. Therefore, and also considering the patients’ concerns involving the systemic usage of 5α-reductase inhibitors as well as the limitations of current therapies, some specialists use topical finasteride, dutasteride in mesotherapy and many other additional modalities. When it comes to female pattern hair loss (FPHL), in most cases it is also a chronic entity, which especially in younger women demands performing extended lab testing in the search for potential hyperandrogenism. It is necessary to remember that especially in women the condition may be triggered by many environmental and other additional factors, so taking that into consideration may be helpful in some patients. Androgenetic alopecia is a widespread problem in contemporary dermatology, as it may also affect many young patients, in particular males, making them more prone to anxiety and depression which may be caused by a distorted body image. These behavioural problems may occur in older individuals as well. That is why, there is an obvious need for further development in that area of dermatology, which should also include discovering new therapies. In men, the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia is quite simple, and the treatment usually involves incorporating minoxidil and/or finasteride. Switching from topical minoxidil to its systemic form as well as from finasteride to dutasteride may give better results in some patients. In general, male pattern hair loss (MPHL) is a chronic disease that may demand pharmacological treatment in the long term, which is often unlimited. Therefore, and also considering the patients’ concerns involving the systemic usage of 5α-reductase inhibitors as well as the limitations of current therapies, some specialists use topical finasteride, dutasteride in mesotherapy and many other additional modalities. When it comes to female pattern hair loss (FPHL), in most cases it is also a chronic entity, which especially in younger women demands performing extended lab testing in the search for potential hyperandrogenism. It is necessary to remember that especially in women the condition may be triggered by many environmental and other additional factors, so taking that into consideration may be helpful in some patients.

Background: Mivacurium is the shortest-acting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) with a rapid onset of action that is mainly used for short procedures. Despite the fact that mivacurium has a very favorable average 6-minute recovery index after its infusion in comparison to the approximately 15–30 minutes for atracurium, mivacurium is still not really popular among practicing anesthesiologists. Many new studies showing the potential further benefits of implementing mivacurium into daily practice are still being published. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to focus on spreading the common knowledge about the detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of mivacurium as a medication that has yet to be used widely by practicing anesthesiologists. Material and methods: The literature review was conducted using the common sources of original articles such as PubMed and Google Scholar from 1975 to September 2022. Results: Based on the literature review, we observed that Mivacurium at a dosage of 6μg produces a lower impact on hemodynamics, shorter intubation and extubation times, faster postoperative recovery, absence of the accumulation of neuromuscular blockade, higher safety, and no significant increase in allergic related adverse events in comparison with other NMBAs.Conclusions: Mivacurium is a muscle relaxant medication that is particularly suited for short-lasting surgical procedures. However, it is important to remember that existing mutations in the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BChE) may prolong the effect of the neuromuscular blockade due to significantly reducing plasma cholinesterase activity. Therefore, it is advised to stay cautious during its use as more research needs to be done to be able to thoroughly assess the potential advantages and disadvantages of mivacurium introduction in particular patients

Przedmiot badań: Prezentowana praca omawia wpływ polimorfizmu genetycznego na farmakokinetykę i farmakodynamikę leków zwiotczających mięśnie stosowanych podczas znieczulenia ogólnego. W naszej pracy przyglądamy się działaniu powszechnie stosowanych w anestezjologii leków, takich jak sukcynylocholina, miwakurium i rokuronium. Celem badania jest wykazanie zależności pomiędzy ekspresją poszczególnych genów kodujących enzymy modyfikujące działanie tych leków a wpływem genetyki na ich eliminację z organizmu. Cel pracy: Celem prezentowanej pracy jest jak najlepsze dostosowanie i dobór leków "szytych na miarę" dla poszczególnych pacjentów, co jest szczególnie istotne ze względu na możliwość uniknięcia powikłań związanych ze stosowaniem powszechnie używanych leków zwiotczających mięśnie. Materiał i metody: Przy pisaniu artykułu korzystaliśmy z artykułów naukowych dostępnych w popularnych źródłach, takich jak PubMed i Google Scholar. Bibliografia w dużej mierze składa się z publikacji z ostatnich pięciu lat. Wyniki i wnioski: Przedstawione w pracy przykłady polimorfizmów DNA oraz opisane częste działania niepożądane leków stosowanych w znieczuleniu ogólnym wskazują na istotną rolę farmakogenetyki w doborze najwłaściwszego leku dla poszczególnych pacjentów podczas zabiegu operacyjnego. Jak staraliśmy się wykazać, ma to znaczący wpływ na lepsze wyniki leczenia i pomaga zminimalizować ewentualne działania niepożądane. Znaczenie badania dla współczesnej praktyki: Nasze badanie jest jednym z nielicznych, które zbiera wszystkie dostępne dane na temat powiązań genetycznych z farmakodynamiką i farmakokinetyką leków zwiotczających mięśnie. W dzisiejszych czasach, gdy znieczulenie ogólne stosowane jest częściej niż kiedykolwiek wcześniej, znajomość genetyki pacjenta mogłaby pomóc przewidzieć sposób działania najpopularniejszych leków zwiotczających mięśnie i dostosować znieczulenie indywidualnie dla pacjenta. To z kolei mogłoby poprawić komfort pacjenta podczas operacji i zmniejszyć częstość występowania działań niepożądanych związanych ze znieczuleniem ogólnym.

Recreational distance running provides substantial cardiovascular and metabolic benefits but is associated with a high burden of overuse musculoskeletal injuries, particularly bone stress injuries and medial tibial stress syndrome. Low vitamin D status is common in athletes, including endurance runners living at higher latitudes, and may adversely affect bone, muscle and tendon adaptation to repetitive loading. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on vitamin D metabolism, its roles in the musculoskeletal system and the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and overuse injuries in recreational and sub-elite runners. Electronic databases were searched for observational, interventional and review studies addressing vitamin D status, bone stress injuries, soft-tissue overuse conditions and determinants of 25(OH)D in endurance athletes, with particular emphasis on running cohorts and military populations exposed to similar mechanical loads. Observational and interventional data in military recruits and athletes show that low 25(OH)D status is consistently associated with a higher risk of bone stress injuries, whereas evidence for muscle strains, tendinopathies and non-specific musculoskeletal pain remains limited and heterogeneous. Studies in endurance athletes indicate that vitamin D insufficiency is frequent, especially during winter, at higher latitudes and in those training predominantly indoors or outside peak sunlight hours. However, few prospective studies have specifically examined recreational runners, and virtually no trials have tested whether correcting vitamin D insufficiency reduces overuse injury incidence beyond standard load management and nutritional strategies. Available evidence supports viewing vitamin D as one modifiable systemic factor within multifactorial overuse injury prevention in runners, rather than an isolated causal agent. Maintaining serum 25(OH)D at least above 50 nmol/L, and possibly around 75–100 nmol/L in runners at elevated risk of bone stress injuries, appears reasonable, particularly in those with limited sun exposure or features of relative energy deficiency. Well-designed prospective cohorts and randomized trials in recreational runners are needed to clarify causal effects and refine screening and supplementation recommendations.

Background: Addiction and compulsive behaviors are widespread challenges that affect both individual and societal well-being. These behaviors involve persistent engagement in rewarding stimuli despite negative consequences. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP‑1) receptor agonists, initially developed for metabolic disorders, have been shown to modulate neural circuits involved in reward, motivation, and compulsive behavior. Methods: To explore these questions, this review synthesizes evidence from animal studies, mechanistic neurobiological research, neuroimaging, and emerging human trials. The focus is on the effects of GLP‑1 receptor activation on reward processing, motivation, and compulsive behaviors. Results: Preclinical studies indicate that GLP‑1 receptor agonists reduce drug- and food-related reward seeking, suppress relapse-like behavior, and modulate phasic dopamine signaling in mesolimbic circuits. Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies demonstrate coordinated activity between dopaminergic and inhibitory neurons. In humans, early trials suggest GLP‑1 receptor agonists can reduce alcohol consumption and craving, and observational data hint at broader effects on other reward-related behaviors. Conclusion: GLP‑1 receptor signaling modulates central motivation and reduces maladaptive reward-seeking. These findings suggest GLP‑1 receptor agonists have therapeutic potential for compulsive behaviors and addiction, relevant to behavioral science, psychiatry, and public health.