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Ciguatera poisoning is a food intoxication associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish contaminated, through trophic transfer, with ciguatoxins (CTXs). In this study, we developed an experimental model to assess the trophic transfer of CTXs from herbivorous parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos, to carnivorous lionfish, Pterois volitans. During a 6-week period, juvenile lionfish were fed naturally contaminated parrotfish fillets at a daily dose of 0.11 or 0.035 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1, as measured by the radioligand-receptor binding assay (r-RBA) or neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), respectively. During an additional 6-week depuration period, the remaining fish were fed a CTX-free diet. Using r-RBA, no CTXs were detectable in muscular tissues, whereas CTXs were measured in the livers of two out of nine fish sampled during exposure, and in four out of eight fish sampled during depuration. Timepoint pooled liver samples, as analyzed by CBA-N2a, confirmed the accumulation of CTXs in liver tissues, reaching 0.89 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 after 41 days of exposure, followed by slow toxin elimination, with 0.37 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 measured after the 6-week depuration. These preliminary results, which need to be pursued in adult lionfish, strengthen our knowledge on CTX transfer and kinetics along the food web.
Isabel Do Prado Leite; Khalil Sdiri; Angus Taylor; Jérôme Viallon; Hela Ben Gharbia; Luiz Laureno Mafra Júnior; Peter Swarzenski; François Oberhaensli; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish. Toxins 2021, 13, 564 .
AMA StyleIsabel Do Prado Leite, Khalil Sdiri, Angus Taylor, Jérôme Viallon, Hela Ben Gharbia, Luiz Laureno Mafra Júnior, Peter Swarzenski, François Oberhaensli, Hélène Taiana Darius, Mireille Chinain, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabel Do Prado Leite; Khalil Sdiri; Angus Taylor; Jérôme Viallon; Hela Ben Gharbia; Luiz Laureno Mafra Júnior; Peter Swarzenski; François Oberhaensli; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. 2021. "Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish." Toxins 13, no. 8: 564.
Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Biodiversity Information System for the period 1985–2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.
Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff; Donald M. Anderson; Catherine Belin; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein; Eileen Bresnan; Mireille Chinain; Henrik Enevoldsen; Mitsunori Iwataki; Bengt Karlson; Cynthia H. McKenzie; Inés Sunesen; Grant C. Pitcher; Pieter Provoost; Anthony Richardson; Laura Schweibold; Patricia A. Tester; Vera L. Trainer; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Adriana Zingone. Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts. Communications Earth & Environment 2021, 2, 1 -10.
AMA StyleGustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Donald M. Anderson, Catherine Belin, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, Eileen Bresnan, Mireille Chinain, Henrik Enevoldsen, Mitsunori Iwataki, Bengt Karlson, Cynthia H. McKenzie, Inés Sunesen, Grant C. Pitcher, Pieter Provoost, Anthony Richardson, Laura Schweibold, Patricia A. Tester, Vera L. Trainer, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Adriana Zingone. Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts. Communications Earth & Environment. 2021; 2 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaaf M. Hallegraeff; Donald M. Anderson; Catherine Belin; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein; Eileen Bresnan; Mireille Chinain; Henrik Enevoldsen; Mitsunori Iwataki; Bengt Karlson; Cynthia H. McKenzie; Inés Sunesen; Grant C. Pitcher; Pieter Provoost; Anthony Richardson; Laura Schweibold; Patricia A. Tester; Vera L. Trainer; Aletta T. Yñiguez; Adriana Zingone. 2021. "Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts." Communications Earth & Environment 2, no. 1: 1-10.
Ciguatera food poisoning affects consumer health and fisheries’ economies worldwide in tropical zones, and specifically in the Pacific area. The wide variety of ciguatoxins bio-accumulated in fish or shellfish responsible for this neurological illness are produced by marine dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and bio-transformed through the food web. The evaluation of the contents of ciguatoxins in strains of Gambierdiscus relies on the availability of standards and on the development of sensitive and specific tools to detect them. There is a need for sensitive methods for the analysis of pacific ciguatoxins with high resolution mass spectrometry to ensure unequivocal identification of all congeners. We have applied a fractional factorial design of experiment 2^8-3 for the screening of the significance of eight parameters potentially influencing ionization and ion transmission and their interactions to evaluate the behavior of sodium adducts, protonated molecules and first water losses of CTX4A/B, CTX3B/C, 2-OH-CTX3C and 44-methylgambierone on a Q-TOF equipment. The four parameters that allowed to significantly increase the peak areas of ciguatoxins and gambierones (up to a factor ten) were the capillary voltage, the sheath gas temperature, the ion funnel low pressure voltage and the ion funnel exit voltage. The optimized method was applied to revisit the toxin profile of G. polynesiensis (strain TB92) with a confirmation of the presence of M-seco-CTX4A only putatively reported so far and the detection of an isomer of CTX4A. The improvement in toxin detection also allowed to obtain informative high resolution targeted MS/MS spectra revealing high similarity in fragmentation patterns between putative isomer (4) of CTX3C, 2-OH-CTX3C and CTX3B on one side and between CTX4A, M-seco-CTX4A and the putative isomer on the other side, suggesting a relation of constitutional isomerism between them for both isomers.
Thomas Yon; Manoella Sibat; Damien Réveillon; Samuel Bertrand; Mireille Chinain; Philipp Hess. Deeper insight into Gambierdiscus polynesiensis toxin production relies on specific optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021, 232, 122400 .
AMA StyleThomas Yon, Manoella Sibat, Damien Réveillon, Samuel Bertrand, Mireille Chinain, Philipp Hess. Deeper insight into Gambierdiscus polynesiensis toxin production relies on specific optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2021; 232 ():122400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas Yon; Manoella Sibat; Damien Réveillon; Samuel Bertrand; Mireille Chinain; Philipp Hess. 2021. "Deeper insight into Gambierdiscus polynesiensis toxin production relies on specific optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry." Talanta 232, no. : 122400.
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.
Sébastien Longo; Manoëlla Sibat; Hélène Taiana Darius; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins 2020, 12, 767 .
AMA StyleSébastien Longo, Manoëlla Sibat, Hélène Taiana Darius, Philipp Hess, Mireille Chinain. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):767.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Longo; Manoëlla Sibat; Hélène Taiana Darius; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. 2020. "Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae)." Toxins 12, no. 12: 767.
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). This disease is highly prevalent in French Polynesia with several well-identified hotspots. Rapa Island, the southernmost inhabited island in the country, was reportedly free of CP until 2007. This study describes the integrated approach used to investigate the etiology of a fatal mass-poisoning outbreak that occurred in Rapa in 2009. Symptoms reported in patients were evocative of ciguatera. Several Gambierdiscus field samples collected from benthic assemblages tested positive by the receptor binding assay (RBA). Additionally, the toxicity screening of ≈250 fish by RBA indicated ≈78% of fish could contain CTXs. The presence of CTXs in fish was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The potential link between climate change and this range expansion of ciguatera to a subtropical locale of French Polynesia was also examined based on the analysis of temperature time-series data. Results are indicative of a global warming trend in Rapa area. A five-fold reduction in incidence rates was observed between 2009 and 2012, which was due in part to self-regulating behavior among individuals (avoidance of particular fish species and areas). Such observations underscore the prominent role played by community outreach in ciguatera risk management.
Mireille Chinain; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; André Ung; Philippe Cruchet; Taina Revel; Jérôme Viallon; Manoëlla Sibat; Patrick Varney; Victoire Laurent; Philipp Hess; Hélène Taiana Darius. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins 2020, 12, 759 .
AMA StyleMireille Chinain, Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti, André Ung, Philippe Cruchet, Taina Revel, Jérôme Viallon, Manoëlla Sibat, Patrick Varney, Victoire Laurent, Philipp Hess, Hélène Taiana Darius. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):759.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMireille Chinain; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; André Ung; Philippe Cruchet; Taina Revel; Jérôme Viallon; Manoëlla Sibat; Patrick Varney; Victoire Laurent; Philipp Hess; Hélène Taiana Darius. 2020. "Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago)." Toxins 12, no. 12: 759.
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (<0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.
M. Chinain; C.M.I. Gatti; H.T. Darius; J.-P. Quod; P.A. Tester. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. Harmful Algae 2020, 102, 101873 .
AMA StyleM. Chinain, C.M.I. Gatti, H.T. Darius, J.-P. Quod, P.A. Tester. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. Harmful Algae. 2020; 102 ():101873.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Chinain; C.M.I. Gatti; H.T. Darius; J.-P. Quod; P.A. Tester. 2020. "Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends." Harmful Algae 102, no. : 101873.
In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.
Isabelle Bonnard; Louis Bornancin; Klervi Dalle; Mireille Chinain; Mayalen Zubia; Bernard Banaigs; Mélanie Roué. Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 406 .
AMA StyleIsabelle Bonnard, Louis Bornancin, Klervi Dalle, Mireille Chinain, Mayalen Zubia, Bernard Banaigs, Mélanie Roué. Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (6):406.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabelle Bonnard; Louis Bornancin; Klervi Dalle; Mireille Chinain; Mayalen Zubia; Bernard Banaigs; Mélanie Roué. 2020. "Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6: 406.
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The suitability of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for the monitoring of dissolved CTXs in the marine environment has recently been demonstrated. To refine the use of this passive monitoring tool in ciguateric areas, the effects of deployment time and sampler format on the adsorption of CTXs by HP20 resin were assessed in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia), a well-known ciguatera hotspot. Toxicity data assessed by means of the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed that a 24 h deployment of 2.5 g of resin allowed concentrating quantifiable amounts of CTXs on SPATT samplers. The CTX levels varied with increasing deployment time, resin load, and surface area. In addition to CTXs, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were also detected in SPATT extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), consistent with the presence of Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum species in the environment, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding analyses conducted on passive window screen (WS) artificial substrate samples. Although these preliminary findings await further confirmation in follow-up studies, they highlight the usefulness of SPATT samplers in the routine surveillance of CP risk on a temporal scale, and the monitoring of other phycotoxin-related risks in ciguatera-prone areas.
Mélanie Roué; Kirsty F. Smith; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Kévin Henry; André Ung; Laura Biessy; Philipp Hess; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain. Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers. Toxins 2020, 12, 321 .
AMA StyleMélanie Roué, Kirsty F. Smith, Manoella Sibat, Jérôme Viallon, Kévin Henry, André Ung, Laura Biessy, Philipp Hess, Hélène Taiana Darius, Mireille Chinain. Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers. Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMélanie Roué; Kirsty F. Smith; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Kévin Henry; André Ung; Laura Biessy; Philipp Hess; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain. 2020. "Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers." Toxins 12, no. 5: 321.
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
Jérôme Viallon; Mireille Chinain; Hélène Taiana Darius. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins 2020, 12, 281 .
AMA StyleJérôme Viallon, Mireille Chinain, Hélène Taiana Darius. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJérôme Viallon; Mireille Chinain; Hélène Taiana Darius. 2020. "Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs)." Toxins 12, no. 5: 281.
Marine dinoflagellates produce a diversity of polyketide toxins that are accumulated in marine food webs and are responsible for a variety of seafood poisonings. Reef-associated dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), which causes over 50,000 cases of illness annually worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery for dinoflagellate polyketides remains poorly understood. Recent transcriptomic and genomic sequencing projects have revealed the presence of Type I modular polyketide synthases in dinoflagellates, as well as a plethora of single domain transcripts with Type I sequence homology. The current transcriptome analysis compares polyketide synthase (PKS) gene transcripts expressed in two species of Gambierdiscus from French Polynesia: a highly toxic ciguatoxin producer, G. polynesiensis, versus a non-ciguatoxic species G. pacificus, each assembled from approximately 180 million Illumina 125 nt reads using Trinity, and compares their PKS content with previously published data from other Gambierdiscus species and more distantly related dinoflagellates. Both modular and single-domain PKS transcripts were present. Single domain β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) transcripts were highly amplified in both species (98 in G. polynesiensis, 99 in G. pacificus), with smaller numbers of standalone acyl transferase (AT), ketoacyl reductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), enoyl reductase (ER), and thioesterase (TE) domains. G. polynesiensis expressed both a larger number of multidomain PKSs, and larger numbers of modules per transcript, than the non-ciguatoxic G. pacificus. The largest PKS transcript in G. polynesiensis encoded a 10,516 aa, 7 module protein, predicted to synthesize part of the polyether backbone. Transcripts and gene models representing portions of this PKS are present in other species, suggesting that its function may be performed in those species by multiple interacting proteins. This study contributes to the building consensus that dinoflagellates utilize a combination of Type I modular and single domain PKS proteins, in an as yet undefined manner, to synthesize polyketides.
Frances M. Van Dolah; Jeanine S. Morey; Shard Milne; André Ung; Paul E. Anderson; Mireille Chinain. Transcriptomic analysis of polyketide synthases in a highly ciguatoxic dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis and low toxicity Gambierdiscus pacificus, from French Polynesia. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0231400 .
AMA StyleFrances M. Van Dolah, Jeanine S. Morey, Shard Milne, André Ung, Paul E. Anderson, Mireille Chinain. Transcriptomic analysis of polyketide synthases in a highly ciguatoxic dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis and low toxicity Gambierdiscus pacificus, from French Polynesia. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (4):e0231400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrances M. Van Dolah; Jeanine S. Morey; Shard Milne; André Ung; Paul E. Anderson; Mireille Chinain. 2020. "Transcriptomic analysis of polyketide synthases in a highly ciguatoxic dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis and low toxicity Gambierdiscus pacificus, from French Polynesia." PLoS ONE 15, no. 4: e0231400.
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase.
Sébastien Longo; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Hélène Taiana Darius; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia. Toxins 2019, 11, 735 .
AMA StyleSébastien Longo, Manoella Sibat, Jérôme Viallon, Hélène Taiana Darius, Philipp Hess, Mireille Chinain. Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):735.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Longo; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Hélène Taiana Darius; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. 2019. "Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia." Toxins 11, no. 12: 735.
Ciguatera is a non-bacterial seafood poisoning highly prevalent in French Polynesia where it constitutes a major health issue and a major threat to food sustainability and food security for local populations. Ciguatera results from the bioaccumulation in marine food webs of toxins known as ciguatoxins, originating from benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera is characterized by a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular symptoms. The effective management of patients is significantly hampered by the occurrence of atypical forms and/or chronic sequelae in some patients, and the lack of both a confirmatory diagnosis test and a specific antidote. In addition, recent findings have outlined the implication of novel species of the causative organisms as well as new vectors, namely marine invertebrates, in ciguatera outbreaks. Another novel trend relates to the geographical expansion of this disease to previously unaffected areas, not only in certain island groups of French Polynesia but also in temperate regions worldwide, as a likely consequence of the effects of climate change.
M. Chinain; C.M. Gatti; M. Roué; H.T. Darius. Ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia: insights into the novel trends of an ancient disease. New Microbes and New Infections 2019, 31, 100565 .
AMA StyleM. Chinain, C.M. Gatti, M. Roué, H.T. Darius. Ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia: insights into the novel trends of an ancient disease. New Microbes and New Infections. 2019; 31 ():100565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Chinain; C.M. Gatti; M. Roué; H.T. Darius. 2019. "Ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia: insights into the novel trends of an ancient disease." New Microbes and New Infections 31, no. : 100565.
M Rodier; S Longo; K Henry; A Ung; A Lo-Yat; Hélène Taiana Darius; J Viallon; B Beker; B Delesalle; Mireille Chinain. Diversity and toxic potential of algal bloom-forming species from Takaroa lagoon (Tuamotu, French Polynesia): a field and mesocosm study. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2019, 83, 15 -34.
AMA StyleM Rodier, S Longo, K Henry, A Ung, A Lo-Yat, Hélène Taiana Darius, J Viallon, B Beker, B Delesalle, Mireille Chinain. Diversity and toxic potential of algal bloom-forming species from Takaroa lagoon (Tuamotu, French Polynesia): a field and mesocosm study. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 2019; 83 (1):15-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Rodier; S Longo; K Henry; A Ung; A Lo-Yat; Hélène Taiana Darius; J Viallon; B Beker; B Delesalle; Mireille Chinain. 2019. "Diversity and toxic potential of algal bloom-forming species from Takaroa lagoon (Tuamotu, French Polynesia): a field and mesocosm study." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 83, no. 1: 15-34.
To date, the genus Ostreopsis comprises eleven described species, of which seven are toxigenic and produce various compounds presenting a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several of these species however remains controversial, as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading, in some cases, to ambiguous interpretations and even possible misidentifications. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis was first described by Y. Fukuyo from French Polynesia using light microscopy observations, but without genetic information associated. The present study aims at revisiting the morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity of O. lenticularis based on the analysis of 47 strains isolated from 4 distinct locales of French Polynesia, namely the Society, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier archipelagos. Observations in light, epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy of several of these strains analyzed revealed morphological features in perfect agreement with the original description of O. lenticularis. Cells were oval, not undulated, 60.5–94.4 μm in dorso-ventral length, 56.1–78.2 μm in width, and possessed a typical plate pattern with thecal plates showing two sizes of pores. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the LSU rDNA and ITS–5.8S sequences revealed that the 47 strains correspond to a single genotype, clustering with a strong support with sequences previously ascribed to Ostreopsis sp. 5. Clonal cultures of O. lenticularis were also established and further tested for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LCMS/MS analyses. None of the 19 strains tested showed toxic activity on neuroblastoma cells, while LCMS/MS analyses performed on the strains from Tahiti Island (i.e. type locality) confirmed that palytoxin and related structural analogs were below the detection limit. These findings allow to clarify unambiguously the genetic identity of O. lenticularis while confirming previous results from the Western Pacific which indicate that this species shows no toxicity, thus stressing the need to reconsider its current classification within the group of toxic species.
Nicolas Chomérat; Gwenael Bilien; Amélie Derrien; Kévin Henry; André Ung; Jérôme Viallon; Hélène Taiana Darius; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; Mélanie Roué; Fabienne Herve; Damien Réveillon; Zouher Amzil; Mireille Chinain. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. Harmful Algae 2019, 84, 95 -111.
AMA StyleNicolas Chomérat, Gwenael Bilien, Amélie Derrien, Kévin Henry, André Ung, Jérôme Viallon, Hélène Taiana Darius, Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti, Mélanie Roué, Fabienne Herve, Damien Réveillon, Zouher Amzil, Mireille Chinain. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. Harmful Algae. 2019; 84 ():95-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Chomérat; Gwenael Bilien; Amélie Derrien; Kévin Henry; André Ung; Jérôme Viallon; Hélène Taiana Darius; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; Mélanie Roué; Fabienne Herve; Damien Réveillon; Zouher Amzil; Mireille Chinain. 2019. "Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity." Harmful Algae 84, no. : 95-111.
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by consumption of tropical and sub-tropical fish contaminated by Ciguatoxins (CTXs). These lipid-soluble, polyether neurotoxins are produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. While there is no regulatory level in Europe for CTXs, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted the United States guidance level of 0.01 µg P-CTX1B eq. kg-1 of fish. This limit is extremely low and requires significant improvement in the detection of CTXs. In this study, we compared analytical protocols based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-LRMS or HRMS) to find the best conditions for sensitivity and/or selectivity. Different approaches such as LC conditions, ion choice and acquisition modes, were evaluated to detect the Pacific-ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) on a triple quadrupole (API4000 Qtrap, Sciex) or a quadrupole time of flight (QTOF 6550, Agilent Technologies) spectrometer. Moreover, matrix effects were calculated using matrix-matched calibration solutions of P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C prepared in purified fish extract. Subsequently, the method performance was assessed on naturally contaminated samples of seafood and phytoplankton. With LRMS, the ammoniated adduct ion used as a precursor ion showed an advantage for selectivity through confirmatory transitions, without affecting signal-to-noise ratios, and hence limits of detection (LODs). As also reported by some studies in the literature, methanol-based mobile phase gave better selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of P-CTXs. While the LOD for P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C met the EFSA recommendation level when using LRMS, the findings suggested careful evaluation of instrumental parameters for determination of CTXs. LODs were significantly higher for HRMS, which currently results in the need for a significantly higher sample intake. Nevertheless, HRMS allowed for the identification of artefacts and may allow for improved confirmation of the identity of P-CTXs analogues. Consequently, LRMS and HRMS are considered complementary to ensure adequate quantitation and identification of P-CTXs.
Manoella Sibat; Christine Herrenknecht; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mélanie Roué; Mireille Chinain; Philipp Hess. Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Chromatography A 2018, 1571, 16 -28.
AMA StyleManoella Sibat, Christine Herrenknecht, Hélène Taiana Darius, Mélanie Roué, Mireille Chinain, Philipp Hess. Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Chromatography A. 2018; 1571 ():16-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManoella Sibat; Christine Herrenknecht; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mélanie Roué; Mireille Chinain; Philipp Hess. 2018. "Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)." Journal of Chromatography A 1571, no. : 16-28.
Lionfish, native to reef ecosystems of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, were introduced to Florida waters in the 1980s, and have spread rapidly throughout the northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These invasive, carnivorous fish significantly reduce other fish and benthic invertebrate biomass, fish recruitment, and species richness in reef ecosystems. Fisheries resource managers have proposed the establishment of a commercial fishery to reduce lionfish populations and mitigate adverse effects on reef communities. The potential for a commercial fishery for lionfish is the primary reason to identify locations where lionfish accumulate sufficient amounts of ciguatoxin (CTX) to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the leading cause of non-bacterial seafood poisoning associated with fish consumption. To address this issue, an initial geographic assessment of CTX toxicity in lionfish from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was conducted. Lionfish samples (n = 293) were collected by spearfishing from 13 locations (74 sampling sites) around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico between 2012 and 2015. The highest frequencies of lionfish containing measurable CTX occurred in areas known to be high-risk regions for CFP in the central to eastern Caribbean (e.g., 53% British Virgin Islands and 5% Florida Keys). Though measurable CTX was found in some locations, the majority of the samples (99.3%) contained CTX concentrations below the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance level of 0.1 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (eq.). Only 0.7% of lionfish tested contained more than 0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 eq. As of 2018, there has been one suspected case of CFP from eating lionfish. Given this finding, current risk reduction techniques used to manage CTX accumulating fish are discussed.
D. Ransom Hardison; William C. Holland; H. Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain; Patricia A. Tester; Damian Shea; Alex K. Bogdanoff; James A. Morris; Harold A. Flores Quintana; Christopher R. Loeffler; Dayne Buddo; R. Wayne Litaker. Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0198358 .
AMA StyleD. Ransom Hardison, William C. Holland, H. Taiana Darius, Mireille Chinain, Patricia A. Tester, Damian Shea, Alex K. Bogdanoff, James A. Morris, Harold A. Flores Quintana, Christopher R. Loeffler, Dayne Buddo, R. Wayne Litaker. Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13 (6):e0198358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ransom Hardison; William C. Holland; H. Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain; Patricia A. Tester; Damian Shea; Alex K. Bogdanoff; James A. Morris; Harold A. Flores Quintana; Christopher R. Loeffler; Dayne Buddo; R. Wayne Litaker. 2018. "Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development." PLoS ONE 13, no. 6: e0198358.
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent algal toxins that cause widespread ciguatera poisoning and are found ubiquitously in coral reef food webs. Here we developed an environmentally-relevant, experimental model of CTX trophic transfer involving dietary exposure of herbivorous fish to the CTX-producing microalgae Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Juvenile Naso brevirostris were fed a gel-food embedded with microalgae for 16 weeks (89 cells g−1 fish daily, 0.4 μg CTX3C equiv kg−1 fish). CTXs in muscle tissue were detectable after 2 weeks at levels above the threshold for human intoxication (1.2 ± 0.2 μg CTX3C equiv kg−1). Although tissue CTX concentrations stabilized after 8 weeks (∼3 ± 0.5 μg CTX3C equiv kg−1), muscle toxin burden (total μg CTX in muscle tissue) continued to increase linearly through the end of the experiment (16 weeks). Toxin accumulation was therefore continuous, yet masked by somatic growth dilution. The observed CTX concentrations, accumulation rates, and general absence of behavioural signs of intoxication are consistent with field observations and indicate that this method of dietary exposure may be used to develop predictive models of tissue-specific CTX uptake, metabolism and depuration. Results also imply that slow-growing fish may accumulate higher CTX flesh concentrations than fast-growing fish, which has important implications for global seafood safety.
Rachel J. Clausing; Barbara Losen; Francois R. Oberhaensli; Hélène Taiana Darius; Manoella Sibat-Dubois; Philipp Hess; Peter W. Swarzenski; Mireille Chinain; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish. Aquatic Toxicology 2018, 200, 257 -265.
AMA StyleRachel J. Clausing, Barbara Losen, Francois R. Oberhaensli, Hélène Taiana Darius, Manoella Sibat-Dubois, Philipp Hess, Peter W. Swarzenski, Mireille Chinain, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish. Aquatic Toxicology. 2018; 200 ():257-265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel J. Clausing; Barbara Losen; Francois R. Oberhaensli; Hélène Taiana Darius; Manoella Sibat-Dubois; Philipp Hess; Peter W. Swarzenski; Mireille Chinain; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. 2018. "Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish." Aquatic Toxicology 200, no. : 257-265.
Ciguatera is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Ciguatera-like poisoning events involving giant clams (Tridacna maxima) are reported occasionally from Pacific islands communities. The present study aimed at providing insights into CTXs tissue distribution and detoxification rate in giant clams exposed to toxic cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, in the framework of seafood safety assessment. In a first experiment, three groups of tissue (viscera, flesh and mantle) were dissected from exposed individuals, and analyzed for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The viscera, flesh, and mantle were shown to retain 65%, 25%, and 10% of the total toxin burden, respectively. All tissues reached levels above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, suggesting that evisceration alone, a practice widely used among local populations, is not enough to ensure seafood safety. In a second experiment, the toxin content in contaminated giant clams was followed at different time points (0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-exposure). Observations suggest that no toxin elimination is visible in T. maxima throughout 6 days of detoxification.
Mélanie Roué; Hélène Taiana Darius; André Ung; Jérôme Viallon; Manoella Sibat; Philipp Hess; Zouher Amzil; Mireille Chinain. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins 2018, 10, 189 .
AMA StyleMélanie Roué, Hélène Taiana Darius, André Ung, Jérôme Viallon, Manoella Sibat, Philipp Hess, Zouher Amzil, Mireille Chinain. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins. 2018; 10 (5):189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMélanie Roué; Hélène Taiana Darius; André Ung; Jérôme Viallon; Manoella Sibat; Philipp Hess; Zouher Amzil; Mireille Chinain. 2018. "Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis." Toxins 10, no. 5: 189.
The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.
Mélanie Roué; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins 2018, 10, 167 .
AMA StyleMélanie Roué, Hélène Taiana Darius, Mireille Chinain. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins. 2018; 10 (4):167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMélanie Roué; Hélène Taiana Darius; Mireille Chinain. 2018. "Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review." Toxins 10, no. 4: 167.
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the Indo-West Pacific. It was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. In April and July 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of T. gratilla in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia). Patient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from Anaho Bay in July 2015 and November 2016. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell–based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in T. gratilla samples. Gambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of Anaho Bay, and G. polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to qPCR results. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-OH-P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A, and P-CTX-4B. Between July 2015 and November 2016, the toxin content in T. gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. This study provides evidence of CTX bioaccumulation in T. gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.
Hélène Taiana Darius; Mélanie Roué; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; Mark W. Vandersea; Patricia A. Tester; R. Wayne Litaker; Zouher Amzil; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins. Marine Drugs 2018, 16, 122 .
AMA StyleHélène Taiana Darius, Mélanie Roué, Manoella Sibat, Jérôme Viallon, Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti, Mark W. Vandersea, Patricia A. Tester, R. Wayne Litaker, Zouher Amzil, Philipp Hess, Mireille Chinain. Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins. Marine Drugs. 2018; 16 (4):122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHélène Taiana Darius; Mélanie Roué; Manoella Sibat; Jérôme Viallon; Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti; Mark W. Vandersea; Patricia A. Tester; R. Wayne Litaker; Zouher Amzil; Philipp Hess; Mireille Chinain. 2018. "Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins." Marine Drugs 16, no. 4: 122.