The toxic reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) belongs to the advanced lipid peroxidation end products. Accumulation of 4-HNE and formation of 4-HNE adducts induced by redox imbalance participate in several cytotoxic processes, which contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of oxidative stress-related human disorders. Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds are suggested to be attractive sources of potential agents to mitigate oxidative stress, but little is known about the therapeutic potentials especially on combating 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects. Of note, some investigations clarify the attenuation of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on 4-HNE-induced disturbances, but strong evidence is needed that these plants and compounds serve as potent agents in the prevention and treatment of disorders driven by 4-HNE. Therefore, this review highlights the pharmacological basis of these medicinal plants and bioactive compounds to combat 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects in oxidative stress-related disorders, such as neurotoxicity and neurological disorder, eye damage, cardiovascular injury, liver injury, and energy metabolism disorder. In addition, this review briefly discusses with special attention to the strategies for developing potential therapies by future applications of these medicinal plants and bioactive compounds, which will help biological and pharmacological scientists to explore the new vistas of medicinal plants in combating 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects.

Objective: This study aims to reveal the suicide risk factors in specific situations of medical malpractice.Methods: We conducted a systematic analysis using the medical malpractice case data from the judgment search system on China Judgments Online, covering the years 2012 to 2022. The χ² test was applied to compare group differences, while a binary logistics regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing suicide among hospitalized patients with mental disorders.Results: A total of 268 finalized medical malpractice judgments were analyzed. From 2012 to 2022, medical malpractice cases involving psychiatric inpatients in China show a significant upward trend. Suicide cases of hospitalized patients with mental disorders accounted for 32.5% of all medical malpractice cases. These incidents were more frequent in comprehensive hospitals, tertiary hospitals, and economically developed regions such as East China and Central China. Chi-square testing and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that hospital type, history of suicidal behavior, clinical psychiatric diagnosis of others, medical fault in violating specific regulations, and medical fault in breach of duty of care were identified as independent risk factors (OR=2.662,3.866,3.567,3.247,3.593; 95% CI: 1.368-5.180, 1.473-10.146, 0.398-9.107,1.193-8.838,1.406-9.179).Conclusions: In China, the proportion of suicide cases of hospitalized psychiatric patients in civil cases of medical malpractices has been increasing. Independent risk factors include hospital type, suicidal history, history of suicidal behavior, clinical psychiatric diagnosis of others, medical fault in violating specific regulations and medical fault in breach of duty of care. Optimizing resource allocation in comprehensive hospitals, enhancing ward safety, and standardizing clinical protocols are urgently needed to mitigate preventable suicides in this vulnerable population.