Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage differentiating stromal cells with extensive immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. MSC-based therapy is widely used in the treatment of various pathologies, including bone and cartilage diseases, cardiac ischemia, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Along with MSCs, it is promising to study the therapeutic properties of exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-Exo). A number of studies report that the therapeutic properties of MSC-Exo are superior to those of MSCs. In particular, MSC-Exo are used for tissue regeneration in various diseases, such as healing of skin wounds, cancer, coronary heart disease, lung injury, liver fibrosis, and neurological, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. In this regard, it is not surprising that the scientific community is interested in studying the therapeutic properties of MSCs and MSC-Exo in the treatment of psoriasis. This review summarizes the recent advancements from preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs and MSC-Exo in the treatment of psoriasis, and it also discusses their mechanisms of therapeutic action involved in the treatment of this disease.

Pericytes, as perivascular cells, are present in all vascularized organs and tissues, and they actively interact with endothelial cells in capillaries and microvessels. Their involvement includes functions like blood pressure regulation, tissue regeneration, and scarring. Studies have confirmed that pericytes play a crucial role in bone tissue regeneration through direct osteodifferentiation processes, paracrine actions, and vascularization. Recent preclinical and clinical experiments have shown that combining perivascular cells with osteogenic factors and tissue-engineered scaffolds can be therapeutically effective in restoring bone defects. This approach holds promise for addressing bone-related medical conditions. In this review, we have emphasized the characteristics of pericytes and their involvement in angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, we have explored recent advancements in the use of pericytes in preclinical and clinical investigations, indicating their potential as a therapeutic resource in clinical applications.

Aim: This study aimed to conduct a literature review on the prevalence, incidence, gender and age distribution of psoriasis, as well as the economic burden of psoriasis worldwide, including Kazakhstan. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using keywords in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru databases, and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles. Results: The prevalence of psoriasis varies by geographic location and race. However, psoriasis is predominantly common in Western countries and among people of European descent: in Norway (4.6%), France (4.42%), Portugal (4.4%), and the United States of America (3.0%). Significant differences in the prevalence of this disease were identified in Kazakhstan, ranging from 0.86% to 2.5%. In many Western countries, the incidence rate of psoriasis is significantly higher than the global incidence rate (57.8 cases per 100,000 population): in Denmark (199.5), Italy (230.62), and Israel (280), respectively. In Kazakhstan, the incidence rate is 35.0 per 100,000 population, which is almost 1.7 times lower than the global rate. Psoriasis affects both genders. There is a bimodal pattern of manifestation of psoriasis with early (type I) and late (type II) onset, which occurs in the age range of 30–40 years, and about 60 years. In addition, treating and providing medications to patients with psoriasis represents a significant economic burden for both the government and the patients themselves. Conclusion: The study made it possible to determine the current epidemiological situation of psoriasis worldwide, including Kazakhstan, as well as to assess the economic burden of this disease.

To date, human actions have significantly changed 75% of the Earth's surface. This has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the rate of biodiversity loss in human history. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, over the past 500 years, as a result of direct or indirect influence of the anthropogenic factor, 774 animal species and 123 plant species have become extinct. To prevent further loss of biodiversity, in the context of the ongoing «crisis of biodiversity», all over the world, including Kazakhstan, there is a need for reliable conservation of the available genetic resources of plants and animals, primarily rare and endangered species. In this regard, specialized biobanks of organized collections of living biomaterials are successfully used worldwide for the conservation and restoration of populations of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna. The article presents information about some of the largest biobanks and their importance in solving this global problem. The experience of scientific centers of Kazakhstan in the field of biobanking of biomaterials of wild flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species, is given, and the results of the National Center for Biotechnology in this area are summarized.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (SSTDs) are a leading cause of nonfatal disability worldwide, particularly in resource-poor regions, affecting over one-third of the world's population. Current treatments for SSTDs include topical and oral medications, as well as mechanotherapy; however, these approaches have several significant limitations, including insufficient efficacy, side effects, and high costs. In this regard, particular interest is directed to mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo), the therapeutic properties of which have been actively studied worldwide in recent years. Our aim was to review clinical trials, published clinical studies, and case reports on MSC-Exo-based cell-free therapy for SSTDs, summarizing both its opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. A literature search for clinical studies and case reports of the application of MSCExo in the treatment of SSTDs was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar databases, and ClinicalTrials. gov. The analysis revealed that MSC-Exo are utilized in treating diverse SSTDs, including: alopecia and hair thinning, psoriasis, facial redness in patients with atopic dermatitis, sensitive skin, melasma, skin wounds, ulcers and burns, skin aging, hyperpigmentation, scars, and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Ongoing clinical trials and preliminary published clinical studies and case reports demonstrate that MSC-Exo are safe and effective cell-free therapeutic agents, highlighting their potential as a novel treatment for SSTDs.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of multipotent, non-hematopoietic cells of mesodermal origin. Due to their strong immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive, and regenerative potential, MSCs are used in cell therapy for inflammatory, immune-mediated, and degenerative diseases. Exosomes derived from MSCs have several advantages over MSC therapy, including non-immunogenicity, lack of infusion toxicity, ease of isolation, manipulation, and storage, cargo specificity, and the absence of tumor-forming potential and ethical concerns. We hypothesized that preconditioning human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 (IL-17), IL-22, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the increased levels of which are typical in psoriasis patients, can significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of both hUCB-MSCs and their exosomes (hUCB-MSC-Exo). Our aim was to compare the therapeutic effects of hUCB-MSCs preconditioned with various combinations of proinflammatory cytokines and their hUCB-MSC-Exo, in an in vivo imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model in mice. Our results showed a significant attenuation of psoriasis symptoms (erythema, scaling, and skin thickness) in mice treated with intact hUCB-MSCs, hUCB-MSCs preconditioned with IL-22 and TNF-α, and hUCB-MSC-Exo preconditioned with IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α (MSC-Exo 3C). However, the most pronounced therapeutic effect was observed with MSC-Exo 3C treatment. In summary, we demonstrated that MSC-Exo 3C transplantation has therapeutic potential for treating psoriasis-like skin lesions.