The impact of cyclone track features (e.g., cyclone translation speed, cyclone path and cyclone landfall crossing angle) in combination with tidal phase shift upon surge characteristics have been investigated at the Bay of Bengal along the Bangladesh coast. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model in a horizontal direction (2DH) coupled with a storm-surge model has been employed for the study. Numerical experiments with three different cyclone translation speeds show that when the surge height is directly forced by the cyclonic wind speed especially within the RWM (Radius of Maximum Wind), faster translation speed produces reduced surge height as the cyclone gets less time to force the water. On the other hand, at locations outside the RMW, surge waves travel as a propagating long wave where higher surges are produced by faster moving cyclones. It is found that surge arrival times are more and more affected by tidal phase when cyclone translation speed is reduced. Analysis of seven hypothetical parallel cyclone paths show that local bathymetry and complex coastline configurations strongly influence the surge height and surge arrival time along the Bangladesh coast. From the analyses of cyclone landfall crossing angles at the Khulna and Chittagong coasts, it is observed that surge durations are the smallest at both the coasts when the coastline crossing angles are the smallest.

To achieve a world without hunger, it is imperative to address the inefficiencies within the current agricultural system by adopting innovative and sustainable approaches. One such approach involves the use of graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs), which have shown potential in alleviating plant stress, improving the performance of agrochemicals, enhancing fertilizer retention in the soil, and positively affecting plant productivity. This review explores the potential of GNMs as amendments in conventional agricultural practices and discusses the interactions with both biotic and abiotic components present in agriculture. Analysis of the literature showed that the biocidal action of GNMs in a complex soil matrix tends to be lower when compared to a short-term (1–3 h) toxicity test in pure culture media. Incorporation of 1 ng kg⁻¹ to 5 g kg⁻¹ GNMs in soil for an exposure time of 3 to 365 days showed a transient effect on the soil microbial community, their activity, and soil function. When plant productivity is considered, addition of 50 mg kg⁻¹ to 150 g kg⁻¹ GNMs into soil showed positive impacts on plant productivity for an exposure time of 3 h to 120 days. However, it is important to note that outcomes of GNM interaction in agriculture will depend significantly on factors such as the type of GNM, application dose, exposure time, and experimental conditions. Additionally, in subsurface soil, GNMs are likely to bio-transform, which will alter their biotic/abiotic interactions. The understanding of how GNMs impact agriculture is still in its infancy, and there are discrepancies in study findings primarily due to the diversity and complexity across agricultural systems. There is a need for mechanistically enriched research on GNM interaction and fate in agricultural systems that will pave the way to efficient design of GNM application in improving yield and to obtain a food secured future.