Leaders are determinants of employee behavioral and work outcomes across industries. Notably, in the higher education sector where staff are required to perform various tasks while delivering knowledge to the younger generation, thus shaping the future of society. The current research employs social exchange and social identity theories to investigate the direct effect of supportive leadership on the wellbeing of employees. The indirect effects of organizational climate as a mediator, and perceived organizational support as a moderator are examined to better understand the underlying predictors of wellbeing in academia. Surveys were collected using a purposive and convenience sampling method and analyzed using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart-PLS software, Version 3. The results show that the wellbeing of academic staff is not only influenced by the role and behavior of leaders but also the dynamics that surround it, namely, organizational climate aligned with the leadership efforts, and perceived organizational support among the staff that provides security, sense of belonging, and identity, leading to improved wellbeing. Organizational support when perceived by staff members can significantly boost the effectiveness of leadership efforts towards enhancing employees’ wellbeing.

In academia, innovation intentions among students are a highly sought-after outcome due to their overarching positive impacts on performance and well-being, especially in the higher education context. This research addresses entrepreneurial education and its influence on innovation intentions across several universities in Beirut, Lebanon. The research also examines the indirect effects of opportunity recognition and psychological capital as mediators and fear of failure as a moderator. Through the lens of the theory of planned behavior, the stimulus-organism-response model, and the entrepreneurial event model, a survey was designed. A total of 263 samples were collected from the students of three universities in Beirut where the academic setting was English, and international students were present. Using Partial Least Squares—Structural Equation Modeling, the data was analyzed, and the hypotheses were supported. Results suggest that the learning environment in universities is a major determinant of innovative outcomes for students. However, implementation of entrepreneurial education alone cannot be as effective as it needs to be; it must be complemented by initiatives that enhance perceptions and internal capabilities of students to achieve innovation in their behaviors. This highlights the vitality of psychological capital and fear of failure in this context.

Purpose: The COVID-19 outbreak’s effect on the world has been unparalleled, its consequences generated unpredictable behavioral changes in individuals’ perceptions, which can affect entrepreneurial activities. This paper aims to analyze the motivating factors, challenges, and youths' perspectives regarding factors that affect their intention to engage in entrepreneurial activities in Lebanon, a country dealing with one of the worst global economic and financial crises in the middle of the nineteenth century. Design/methodology/approach: Data were gathered from a valid sample of 992 university students as part of a quantitative approach to data collection that covered seven different districts in Lebanon. In order to analyze the contextual elements in connection to students’ intention to engage in entrepreneurial activity using planned behavior theory, a structural equation modelling was used. Findings: The results provide evidence that three experiences—attitude towards entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and social norms— have a direct impact on the likelihood of future entrepreneurial initiatives. Nevertheless, the desire of students to be entrepreneur was not directly impacted by the support provided from the university, government and business environment. Theoretical and Practical Implications: Theoretical and practical implications can be made from this study’s results. Theoretically this study adds to the literature by examining different factors that may have an impact on enterpreneurial intention of university students during time of crisis. Practically, results found provide suggestions to policymakers to reassess the current policies and programs in order to encourage positive intentions towards entrepreneurship among Lebanese university students. Originality/ value: The examination of factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of university students in Lebanon is a first of its kind, which could be implied for further investigation.

The notion of a linear diophantine fuzzy set as a generalization of a fuzzy set is a mathematical approach that deals with vagueness in decision-making problems. The use of reference parameters associated with validity and non-validity functions in linear diophantine fuzzy sets makes it more applicable to model vagueness in many real-life problems. On the other hand, subspaces of vector spaces are of great importance in many fields of science. The aim of this paper is to combine the two notions. In this regard, we consider the linear diophantine fuzzification of a vector space by introducing and studying the linear diophantine fuzzy subspaces of a vector space. First, we studied the behaviors of linear diophantine fuzzy subspaces of a vector space under a linear diophantine fuzzy set. Second, and by means of the level sets, we found a relationship between the linear diophantine fuzzy subspaces of a vector space and the subspaces of a vector space. Finally, we discuss the linear diophantine fuzzy subspaces of a quotient vector space.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the barriers and drivers of green supply chain management (GSCM) in Lebanese restaurants. The author of this paper classified the barriers and drivers as internal and external factors. This study further assesses the level of knowledge of GSCM in the Lebanese restaurant industry. In particular, the case of “Besten” is addressed to tackle the major drivers and barriers to adopting GSCM.Design/methodology/approach: This paper follows the pure qualitative research design as the design is based on an interview. Further, this paper adopts the interpretivism research. As for the research approach, this paper adopts the inductive approach. Regarding the research strategy (data collection method), this paper is a case study discussing the level of awareness of GSCM, the drivers, and the barriers to adopting GSCM by a Lebanese independent restaurant, “Besten.” As for the choice of research methodology, a qualitative interview is conducted with the owner of “Besten” restaurant, Mr. Omar El Mais, to discuss and try to figure out the main impediments and motivators of adopting GSCM at Besten.Findings: The study found that the major drivers of adopting GSCM in the Lebanese restaurant context, more specifically in Besten, are management's awareness, management mentality, gaining customers' trust and loyalty, the intention of going international, and market trends. The latter two drivers are specific to the Lebanese context and were not mentioned in previous research. As for the barriers, the major ones are the cost constraints, lack of Lebanese laws and regulations, the Lebanese economic crisis since 2019, and loss of funds to banks. The latter three barriers are specific to the Lebanese context and were not stated before in the literature.Research limitations/implications: Although the research is restricted to one case study, the research tackles and provides an in-depth understanding and elaboration of GSCM adoption, barriers, and drivers within one of the Lebanese independent restaurants as the topic has not yet been tackled within the Lebanese context. The results of this paper are specific to “Besten” and cannot be generalized.Practical implications: Policymakers and non - governmental organizations (NGOs) might benefit from the findings of the study and set the needed laws/regulations to promote GSCM. Policymakers and NGOs might benefit from the findings of this study and implement the needed awareness campaigns about GSCM to the concerned bodies. Further, restaurant owners/managers might benefit from this study and gain a better understanding and insight of the GSCM, GSCM's potential barriers, and drivers in case restaurant owners/managers would like to adopt GSCM in the future.Social implications: Awareness and adoption of the GSCM within the restaurant context is essential in saving the environment, reducing waste, and reducing harmful emissions.Originality/value: Despite the widespread literature about GSCM practices, the GSCM has not been tackled yet in the Lebanese context although the Lebanese context varies from other countries and what can be deduced from other countries regarding GSCM may not be adequate given the Lebanese complexities. The case study discussed in this research provides an in-depth understanding of this concept, GSCM's adoption, the internal and external drivers, and the internal and external barriers within one restaurant in the complex Lebanese restaurant context.

As generative AI is being further integrated into academic and professional contexts, there is a demonstrable need to determine the performance of generative AI within specific, applied domains. This research compares the performances of ChatGPT-5 and DeepSeek on tasks in the domains of accounting, economics, and human resources. The models were provided two prompts per domain, and outputs were evaluated by academics across five criteria: accuracy, clarity, conciseness, systematic reasoning, and indicators of potential bias. The inter-rater reliability was reported using Cohen’s Kappa. From the findings, both models display differences in performance. ChatGPT-5 outperformed DeepSeek in accounting and human resources, while DeepSeek outperformed ChatGPT-5 on epistemic economics tasks. Since results have shown that ChatGPT-5 outperformed DeepSeek in two out of three domains, the research recommends a reliability-based framework to compare generative AI outputs within business disciplines and offers practical suggestions on when and how to use the models within academic and professional contexts.