Eurasian clinical practice guidelines for dietary management of cardiovascular diseases include actual healthy diet recommendations and modern dietary approaches for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nutritional assessment and interventions based on pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases are presented.Modern nutritional and dietary recommendations for patients with arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, dyslipidemia and gout are summarized in present recommendations. Particular attention is paid to the dietary management of cardiovascular patients with obesity and/or diabetes mellitus. This guide would be interesting and intended to a wide range of readers, primarily cardiologists, dietitians and nutritionists, general practitioners, endocrinologists, and medical students.

The number of new cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications is rapidly increasing and a great amount of cases remains undiagnosed. It demonstrates that improvement of existing methods of treatment can be extremely helpful in present situation. It is known, that one of components of pathogenesis of DM is gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolism. Metabolites of GM include short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), some gases, energy and some low molecular metabolites. From the point of influence on stage of diabetes mellitus SCFA are the most interest. They are not only the main source of energy for colonocytes with antiischemic and protective properties, concerning the gut wall, but they also increase satiety, reduce insulin resistance, improve β-cell function and lead to decrease in body mass. Functions of SCFA are so versatile that they can be mentioned in DM with relative and absolute insulin deficiency as well. Due to its plasticity, GM can change its structure and functions in response to some changes in organism. However, in people with DM these changes are severe and continuous, which makes total amount of microorganisms and their proportion change irreversibly, leading to associated changes in amount of SCFA. Considering the positive effects of SCFA on carbohydrate metabolism, modulation of GM metabolism may occur an efficient addition to antidiabetic therapy. One of the powerful factors, influencing GM, is dietary fiber (DF). They are an energetic substrate for GM, they also maintain pH necessary for GM and regulate food passage in gastrointestinal system. Studying the influence of SCFA on DM and correction of metabolic dysregulation with DF need special attention, as DF and SCFA may become a powerful addition to antidiabetic therapy.

Thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, as well as the hormone of anterior pituitary gland prolactin, play an important role in various physiological processes in the human body. In high-stress situations, these hormones act to maintain homeostasis. One of the severe stressors is physical activity. Prolactin and thyroid hormones control the energy metabolism during physical activity, and are also an important link in adaptive reactions in response to physical activity.

Metformin is recognized as the "gold standard" for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Its hypoglycemic properties are realized by reducing insulin resistance, contributing to the utilization of glucose in liver cells, muscles and adipose tissue; suppression of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Due to the wide range of biochemical targets of its pharmacological action, the scientific community actively discusses the use of metformin as an organoprotective drug. Now, the beneficial effect of metformin on the course of neuropathy, diseases of the cardiovascular system, normalization of the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota, the course of metabolically associated fatty liver disease has already been proven, the nephroprotective effect has also been proven, and the study of the anti-oncogenic properties of metformin continues. The number of publications devoted to research on the positive effects of metformin on various organs and systems is actively increasing, and data on the identification of new effects are regularly published. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the pleiotropic effects of metformin at the level of biochemical interactions for a more detailed understanding of the principles of their implementation.

Cardiovascular diseases are a frequent comorbid condition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM). This problem tends to remain acute because of the progression of t2DM, which increases the chances of cardiovascular events. Medicine today has a range of innovative hypoglycemic drugs, which proved their safety and effectiveness towards diseases of cardiovascular system. However, high cardiovascular mortality demonstrates that the medication is not enough effective. Partly lack of success may be explained by not enough work with unmodified risk factors, such as physical activity, smoking and excessive and wrong nutrition. Studies about dietary fiber (DF) let us discuss their including in the dietary plan of patients with t2DM and cardiovascular diseases. One of the promising DF types is Cyamopsis tetragonoloba extract. It showed its effectiveness concerning carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile, improving, metabolic features of t2DM patients and lowering the risks of cardiovascular events. What is more, the advantage of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba extract is easy to use and has no side effects.

Алоглиптин и пиоглитазон Перспективы комбинированного применения