In 2021, there was a global energy crisis that affected different parts of the world. In most countries, energy heavily relies on natural gas, including Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. Several studies have explored the differences in the energy of crude oil and natural gas. Nonetheless, little effort has been made toward exploring the exportation of energy for exchange markets in Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. This paper primarily aims at comparatively exploring the energy of crude oil and natural gas for exchange markets in the aforementioned countries. The methodology used in this paper is qualitative content analysis (QCA) and a systematical literature review (SLR) which includes various sources such as journals, the core collection of the Web of Science (WOS), oil peer review resources, and library sources. The study systematically mapped out different bibliographic materials whereby the visualization of similarities (VOS) was used to explore exchange markets for energy, crude oil, and gas in Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. The results of the analysis indicated that, in Africa, Nigeria is regarded as the largest producer of natural gas and crude oil, with an approximation of 1.2 million barrels per day. Concerning oil and gas reserves, the country is considered the 10th and 8th largest producer in the world, having 37 billion barrels and roughly 206 trillion cubic feet, respectively. Thus, the exportation of energy is considered a central pillar of the country’s economy. In addition, India is regarded as the second largest producer of crude oil with 4.972 million barrels per day, which is approximately 5.1% of the entire world’s capacity for refining crude oil. Similarly, at the global level, India is considered the topmost consumer of crude oil, accounting for 4.8% of the world’s consumption. In the context of Bangladesh, their gas reserves account for 39.4 trillion cubic feet, and they are considered to be 70% of the commercial energy supply in the country. In conclusion, the importance of energy, crude oil, and natural gas cannot be underestimated, specifically, for the exchange import markets in the current context of the aforementioned countries. It is, therefore, suggested that the governments of Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh should strengthen their national policies on energy in order to be responsive to the global energy crisis as well as boost the exchange market in the energy sector.

This study is basically and centrally focused on the review of the extant literature in exploring the challenge of the under-utilization of natural fertile land for the cultivation and farming of different crops such as cocoa, palm tree, and cassava, which remain an important sector of the economy for sustainable socio-economic development in the southern part of Nigeria. The review of the cursory literature is necessary to bridge the gap in the existing body of knowledge, especially by addressing the less attention paid to exploring the non-oil sector of the economy such as cocoa, palm tree, and cassava as well as connecting policy and agro-technology to maximize agricultural productivity for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic development. The primary objective of this study is to explore cocoa, palm tree, and cassava plantations among smallholder farmers in order to enhance sustainable socio-economic development in the country. The methodology used in this study is a systematic literature review (SLR) cum content analysis (CA) of secondary sources or relevant literature whereby six themes were generated and analyzed. A consistent approach was used in order to establish exhaustive searching strategies and single-line search strategies such as using field codes and parentheses as part of a systematic literature review. The results indicated that smallholder farmers have been actively partaking in cocoa plantation, and the government has been supportive of them in this regard in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development. In addition, agricultural transformation contributes to economic diversification through innovative policy and capacity building among cocoa, palm tree, and cassava farmers in the country, which culminates in improving the overall welfare of the smallholder farmers in attaining sustainable socio-economic development. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to say that giving support, especially cocoa, palm tree, and cassava seedlings, to smallholder farmers can be instrumental in bridging the vacuum created by poverty and unemployment which could be regarded as mechanisms for attaining sustainable development. The importance of the study was manifested in the practical aspect of giving concrete support to the smallholder farmers, and the innovativeness of the study is reflected in the advocacy for the efficiencies and effectiveness of agricultural policy and technology integration into the sector. It is therefore suggested that interventions of individual philanthropists, government, and international communities will boost the morale and resilience of the farmers toward enhancing cocoa, palm tree, and cassava production in order to enhance sustainable socio-economic development among smallholder farmers in particular and to maximize national economy growth in general.

A plethora number of literature advocates for economic diversification in Nigeria in order to address its socio-economic challenges. The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified this viewpoint even further, as it has had a severe impact on many parts of the Nigerian economy while the federal government scrambles for revenue to fulfill national expenses. However, observation reveals that little attention is paid to the influence of COVID-19 on the oil and gas sector, despite the necessity to diversify economic resources for human capital development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of COVID-19 on the Nigerian oil and gas sector. Problems are recognized and solutions are proposed through the textual analysis of literature. According to the research, COVID-19 has a negative influence on the oil and gas business in Nigeria due to Nigeria's overreliance on oil resources as a key source of national revenue, among other issues. As a result, the study emphasized the need for and importance of diversifying the nation's economic resources by focusing more attention on sectors such as SMEs that are aided with protection and promotion, as well as the agricultural sector, which incorporates technology and scientific input as a driving force for improvement. If adopted, diversification will address numerous difficulties such as poverty, which affects the majority of inhabitants, unemployment, mounting foreign debt, and the massive importation of products and services into the country due to a lack of economic diversification. According to the report, the Nigerian government should invest extensively in small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and agricultural investment in order to overcome the economic challenges caused by COVID-19's detrimental influence on the economy. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-SPER-019 Full Text: PDF

Al-Majiri is an itinerant or traditional Islamic educational system commonly known in the Northern part of Nigeria for cultivating spirituality and inculcating morality prior to colonialism. The prevalent street begging by the Al-Majiri children has not contributed to sustainable economic development because of lack of vocational training and entrepreneurships which remains a big gap to fill in the existing body of knowledge. The primary objective of this article therefore, is to investigate vocational training and entrepreneurship skills towards improving Al-Majiri system for attaining national progress and sustainable economic development in the country. Narrative-textual case study and systematic literature review (SLR) were employed as the methodology of the paper where different sources of problem are identified and solutions are proffered for addressing the identified problems. The findings indicated that, inclusion of vocational training and entrepreneurship skills into Al-Majiri system such as shoe-making, tailoring, mechanics, poultry farming, repair of phones, weaving among others can contribute to national progress and sustainable economic development. In conclusion, it is said that, the system of Al-Majiri can be improved, if necessary, mechanisms are being put in place to eradicate illiteracy, inequality and poverty among the students. It is therefore suggested that, all the stakeholders namely: government, school administrators, parents, teachers, students, individuals and society should collaborate in putting effective measures in place for future educational efficiency of Al-Majiris in the country.

Smallholder farmers have been contributing to agricultural productivity in the country. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been growing and it has been playing positive roles in various sectors of the economy. The primary objective of this study is to explore artificial intelligence for food production among smallholder farmers in Nigeria in order to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country. Content analysis and systematic literature review is used in this study. The findings of the study demonstrated that the application of artificial intelligence can contribute to realization of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) with appropriate government interventions in the sector. In addition, it is also shown that artificial intelligence (AI) can be used for weeding, spraying pesticides, monitoring livestock, and automating harvesting processes. It is further noted that digitalization of agriculture through AI tools reduces middlemen, expands market opportunities, and enhances productivity and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. It is therefore suggested that the stakeholders in the agricultural sector should actively involve in training smallholder farmers in digital skills for efficient application of AI.

Nigeria is enthusiastic with strong ambition and immense potential, which has been manifested in various agricultural frameworks and policies. Most of the agricultural frameworks and policies are meant by the government to attain food self-sufficiency and rapid economic development. Several studies have explored historical trends of government interventions and liberalization in the agricultural sector. However, the objective of the government has not been attained as a result of trajectory in efficient implementations of agricultural policies in the country. This paper therefore primarily aims at evaluating the agricultural policies and programmes for sustainability of future farming in Nigeria with specific focus on various determinants of sustainability of the agricultural sector, which will consequently bring food self-sufficiency, create employment, and bring about rapid economic growth in the country. The methodology used is qualitative content analysis of secondary data. The first part of the findings demonstrated that there is need to fill the gap in the existing agricultural frameworks and policies towards making future farming sustainable in the country. The second part of the result indicated that sustainability of agricultural sector for future farming intensification focused on the improvement of some major aspects such as viable implementation of agricultural policy, productive land for agricultural productivity, and government inputs to the farmers in reviving the agricultural sector. It is also noted that the interventions of the government through the building of shopping malls and establishment of national markets for marketability of various products such as groundnut, palm oil, rubber, cocoa, among others, can be instrumental in achieving sustainable future farming food domestic food production to attain food self-sufficiency and rapid economic development. In conclusion, the study showed that the implementation of agricultural policy is meaningful, and it can foster the sustainability of farming specifically in adequately utilizing unused land across the country. It is therefore suggested that the government needs to improve the input subsidies and to establish various national markets for selling different by-products and many others in order to achieve sustainability of the agricultural sector for future farming in the country.