With the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in a wide range of consumer electronics products, the CE industry has undergone a dramatic shift. The Li-ion battery has emerged as the heart of electric cars, and the focus has now shifted to the automotive sector. Liquid crystal displays have evolved over time to meet the demands of automobiles. International research groups and the performance of production electric vehicles are used to discuss and inform vehicle-driven battery targets. There is still a lot of room for improvement in terms of energy, life expectancy, cost, safety, and fast-charging capabilities for LIBs suited for the automotive sector. In this study, a review of lithium-ion battery applications in electric vehicles is presented.

Recently, switched inductor and switched capacitor techniques in DC-DC converter are recommended to achieve high voltage by using the principle of parallel charging and series discharging of reactive elements. It is noteworthy that four diodes, one high voltage rating switch, two inductors are required to design classical Switched Inductor Boost Converter (classical SIBC). Moreover, in classical SIBC, the switch voltage stress is equal to the output voltage. In this paper, modified SIBC (mSIBC) is proposed with reduced voltage stress across active switches. The proposed mSIBC configuration is transformer-less and simply derived by replacing the one diode of the classical switched inductor structure with an active switch. As a result, mSIBC required low voltage rating active switches, since the total output voltage is shared into two active switches. Moreover, the proposed mSIBC required the same number of components compared to the classical SIBC. The Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) analysis, the effect of non-idealities on voltage gain, design methodology, and comparison of mSIBC are presented in detail. The operation and performance of the designed 500W mSIBC are validated through simulation and experimental work.

The primary concerns in the practical photovoltaic (PV) system are the power reduction due to the change in operating conditions, such as the temperature or irradiance, the high computation burden due to the modern maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanisms, and to maximize the PV array output during the rapid change in weather conditions. The conventional perturb and observation (P&O) technique is preferred in most of the PV systems. Nevertheless, it undergoes false tracking of maximum power point (MPP) during the rapid change in solar insolation due to the wrong decision in the duty cycle. To avoid the computational burden and drift effect, this article presents a simple and enhanced P&O MPPT technique. The proposed technique is enhanced by including the change in current (dI), in addition to the changes in output voltage and output power of the PV module. The effect of including the dI profile with the traditional method is explained with the fixed and variable step-size methods. The mathematical expression for the drift-free condition is derived. The traditional boost converter is considered for validating the effectiveness of the proposed methods by employing the direct duty cycle technique. The proposed algorithm is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and validated under various scenarios with the developed laboratory prototype in terms of drift-free characteristics and tracking efficiency. The result proves that the proposed technique can track the MPP accurately under various operating conditions.

The solar PV based power generation systems are growing faster due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. Combining PV panels and energy buffers such as battery through multi-port converter is one of the viable solutions to deal with the intermittency of PV power. The goal of this paper is to design and analyze the proposed triple port DC-DC buck-boost converter for high step-up/step-down applications. It has two unidirectional ports (port-1 and port-3) and one bi-directional port (port-2) for harnessing photovoltaic energy and charging the battery. At port-1, the combined structure of buck and buck-boost converter is used with a particular arrangement of switches and inductors. The step-up/step-down voltage conversion ratio is higher than the conventional buck-boost converter, and the polarity of the output voltage is maintained positive. The battery is added at the bi-directional port, for the storage of energy through the bi-directional boost converter. The switches operate synchronously for most of the modes making the control strategy simple. The characteristics and modes of operation along with a switching strategy, are elaborated. Experimental results are presented which validate the agreement with the developed theoretical expectation.

This research study presents the fuzzy space vector pulse width modulation (FSVPWM) method of current control for three‐phase voltage source inverter. The hybrid fuzzy particle swarm optimisation‐based maximum power point (MPP) tracking algorithm has been employed to obtain high tracking efficiency as well as optimal MPP under adverse operating states. The FSVPWM technique provides less current harmonic content, fixed switching pattern, protection from over current, low switching losses and able to handle the non‐linearities and uncertainties of the photovoltaic‐wind grid integrated system. Grid synchronisation with sinusoidal current injection is achieved using the inverter controller. Fuzzy logic controller‐based SVPWM controller compensates current error and provides DC‐link utilisation with high efficiency. The experimental responses have been validated using MATLAB/Simulink interfaced real‐time dSPACE DS 1104 controller. Irrespective of solar irradiance and wind velocity, the proposed hybrid system obeys MPP accurately with high performance.

Global climatic changes and increased carbon footprints provided the main impetus for the decrease in the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation and transportation. Matured manufacturing technologies of solar PV panels and on-shore and off-shore windmills have brought down the cost of generation of electricity using solar energy on par with conventional fossil fuel. Initially, solar and wind power generation was envisioned for microgrids, serving small local communities. However, advancements in power electronics have now facilitated large solar and wind farms to be integrated with main power grids. In this context, hosting capacity, which is the amount of distributed energy resources a grid can accommodate, without significant infrastructure up-gradation, has gained importance. In determining the hosting capacity at a particular location, the uncertainties of wind and solar power generation play a role. Effective forecasting models using time-series weather data can be built to predict wind and solar power generation. This forecast is essential to ensure proper grid operation and control when renewable energy sources are already installed. The forecast is also useful in the planning stages for investment decisions and distribution system planning. While long-term forecasts are rarely needed for the operation of integrated grids, accurate short-term predictive models are necessary for scheduling. This paper presents an extensive review of various forecast models available in the literature. The study mainly focuses on the short-term forecast, providing a critical review of the duration of data used in each model and a synoptic comparison of their performance indices.