The Smart Grid is a modern power grid that relies on advanced technologies to provide reliable and sustainable electricity. However, its integration with various communication technologies and IoT devices makes it vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Such attacks can lead to significant damage, economic losses, and public safety hazards. To ensure the security of the smart grid, increasingly strong security solutions are needed. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the vulnerabilities of the smart grid and the different approaches for detecting cyber-attacks. It examines the different vulnerabilities of the smart grid, including system vulnerabilities and cyber-attacks, and discusses the vulnerabilities of all its elements. The paper also investigates various approaches for detecting cyber-attacks, including rule-based, signature-based, anomaly detection, and ma-chine learning-based methods, with a focus on their effectiveness and related research. Finally, prospective cybersecurity approaches for the smart grid, such as AI approaches and blockchain, are discussed along with the challenges and future prospects of cyberattacks on the smart grid. The paper’s findings can help policymakers and stakeholders make informed decisions about the security of the smart grid and develop effective strategies to protect it from cyber-attacks.

Channel estimation is a key feature for wireless optical communication systems. This paper presents an evaluation of channel estimation techniques for indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems using a direct current-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) scheme. The VLC system can simultaneously provide illumination and wireless communication at a high data rate. However, the coverage area is limited and the distance is about 3 m. In this paper, performance analysis of two channel estimation methods is presented, one using the least squares (LS) algorithm and the other the minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm, to estimate channel response by applying them to various M-QAM modulations. The performance of these two methods is compared by mathematical analysis and by simulation by measuring bit error rate (BER) and mean square error (MSE) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The results shown that, at higher SNR, the MMSE algorithm outperforms the LS for both BER and MSE.

The performance of indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems using a direct current-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) scheme is investigated in this paper. The impact of nonlinearity of Light Emitting Diode (LED) and its beam angle on the VLC system performance is studied. We later analyze the effect of modulation order, number of subcarriers, signal scaling and biasing operation on the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which is a major issue in OFDM based VLC system. Simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) decreases as the degree of nonlinearity increases and a better BER can be achieved as the LED behavior approaches linear model. In addition, it is shown that reducing the QAM order or increasing the number of subcarriers may reduce the effect of the LED nonlinearity, thus improving the BER performance of the VLC system. Moreover, it is demonstrated that PAPR is higher for a large number of subcarriers and modulation order. Finally, the PAPR of the visible light OFDM system can significantly be reduced by employing the signal scaling combined with biasing operation.

Visible light communication (VLC) is an optical wireless communication method which transmits data through the medium of light within the visible light spectrum. The bidirectional communication through the light is called light fidelity Li-Fi. The infrastructure of such technology is already available where the light can be used for illumination and communication simultaneously. In the paper, we discuss the usage of VLC applied as Li-Fi as a secure method to transmit data wirelessly in a more secure method compared to the traditional Wi-Fi architecture. In addition, we investigate the bit-error rate (BER) performance in the VLC network based on the modulation format of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for high data transmission.