Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a series of artificial compounds which is associated with human health. However, there are few studies on the relationship between PFASs and hypertension. In this study, we examined the association between different kinds of PFASs and hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analysis were adopted to assess the associations between PFASs and hypertension. Spline smoothing plots and linear regression were used to assess the relationship between PFASs and blood pressure. We found a positive association between serum PFDeA concentrations and the prevalence of hypertension after fully adjusting confounders (OR = 1.2, P = 0.01), but other types of PFASs showed no positive results. Subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed there was a stronger relationship among non-Hispanics than Hispanics. Serum PFDeA concentrations were positively associated with systolic pressure (β = 0.7, P< 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.8, P< 0.01) among non-Hispanics who did not take antihypertensive drugs. This study showed that PFDeA exposure was associated with hypertension in Americans who identify as non-Hispanic. There was a positive association between PFDeA and blood pressure in non-Hispanic Americans who did not take antihypertensive drugs.

A correlation between UA levels and the development of hypertension has been demonstrated. However, the relationship between UA and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension remains underexplored. A nonlinear association between UA and all-cause mortality across sexes was observed through smoothed curve fitting. The correlation between UA and all-cause mortality was calculated by threshold and saturation effect analysis, along with Cox regression models. The stability of the results in the presence of different comorbidities was verified through stratified analysis for interaction testing. Smoothed curve fitting was also used to examine the association between UA and various diseases. The association between UA and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension exhibited a U-shaped curve, with inconsistent inflection points between the sexes. In male patients with hypertension, all-cause mortality gradually decreased with increasing UA levels when UA levels were ≤ 7.2 mg/dL (HR 0.975; 95% CI 0.929–1.024) and gradually increased with increasing UA levels when UA levels were > 7.2 mg/dL (HR 1.204; 95% CI 1.120–1.294). Similar findings were observed in female patients with hypertension, with UA as a protective factor when UA levels were ≤ 5.1 mg/dL (HR 0.902; 95% CI 0.820–0.991) and a risk factor when UA levels were > 5.1 mg/dL (HR 1.120; 95% CI 1.072–1.169). The association between UA and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension exhibits a U-shaped curve. All-cause mortality tends to decrease and then increase with increasing UA levels, with the inflection point varying between sexes.

Background and aims: Malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with hypertension and relationship between malnutrition severity and long-term mortality in these patients. Methods and results: The study included 11,278 patients with hypertension from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. The degree of malnutrition was assessed using the Controlled Nutritional Status score, with patients divided into normal, mild, and moderate-to-severe groups. After 10 years of follow-up, the results showed that patients who died had higher CONUT scores, poorer nutritional status, and lower albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocytes than those who survived (P < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with poor nutritional status had a significantly higher risk of all-cause death. In the Non- Lipid Lowering Drugs group, the CONUT score (hazard ratio (HR): 1.225; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.162-1.292; P < 0.0001), as well as mild (HR: 1.532; 95% CI 1.340-1.751; P < 0.0001) and moderate-to-severe malnutrition (HR: 2.797; 95% CI: 1.441-5.428; P Z 0.0024), were independent predictors of long-term mortality. The competing risk regression models showed that cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality increased with increasing CONUT scores. The results were robust in both subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Malnutrition significantly impacts long-term mortality in hypertensive patients. The CONUT score may be a useful tool for assessing the nutritional status of patients with hypertension in the non-lipid-lowering population and for predicting their long-term mortality

The serum uric acid-to-creatinine ratio (UCR) may be a simple method for assessing xanthine oxidase overactivation, which may contribute to an increase in serum uric acid production and oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the nonlinear association between the UCR and long-term mortality in patients with hypertension. Data were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, and a total of 11,346 patients with hypertension were included. We explored the nonlinear link between the UCR and all-cause mortality via spline smoothing, threshold saturation, and log-likelihood ratio tests. The results were validated through a competing risk model. A nonlinear pattern emerged between the UCR and all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients, with an inflection point at 4.3. Below this point, an increased UCR was associated with a decreased mortality risk (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68–0.94, P = 0.008), whereas above this point, the risk increased (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07–1.36, P = 0.004). The competing risk model yielded similar findings for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease-related deaths. In patients with hypertension, the UCR nonlinearly predicted all-cause mortality, with a notable inflection at 4.3. These findings suggest that the UCR is a valuable prognostic indicator for assessing long-term outcomes in patients with hypertension.

Objective: Extensive research has consistently shown the beneficial impact of fruit consumption on overall health. While some studies have proposed a potential association between fruit consumption and hypertension management, the influence of fruit consumption on mortality rates among hypertensive individuals remains uncertain. Consequently, aim of this study is to evaluate whether fruit consumption is associated with all-cause mortality among hypertensive patients.Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted between 2003 and 2006. Ten-year follow-up data from the National Death Index (NDI) were used to assess all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to explore the impact of fruit intake on all-cause mortality among hypertensive individuals.Results: The study included a cohort of 2,480 patients diagnosed with hypertension, and during the follow-up period, a total of 658 deaths from various causes were recorded. The COX regression analysis demonstrated that hypertensive patients who consumed apples three to six times per week exhibited a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.45–0.78, p < 0.001) in comparison to those who consumed apples less than once per month. Likewise, consuming bananas three to six times per week also led to a comparable outcome (HR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.59–0.97, p = 0.027). Moreover, Combined consumption of bananas and apples three to six times per week exhibited a noteworthy decrease in all-cause mortality (HR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.39–0.84, p = 0.005) when compared to individuals who consumed these fruits less frequently. Conversely, no significant association was found between the consumption of other fruits, including pears, pineapples, and grapes, and all-cause mortality.Conclusion: The study discovered that moderate consumption of apples and bananas was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension.