Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that precision therapy has a broad variety of treatment applications, making it an interesting research topic with exciting potential in numerous sectors. However, major obstacles, such as inefficient and unsafe delivery systems and severe side effects, have impeded the widespread use of precision medicine. The purpose of drug delivery systems (DDSs) is to regulate the time and place of drug release and action. They aid in enhancing the equilibrium between medicinal efficacy on target and hazardous side effects off target. One promising approach is biomaterial-assisted biotherapy, which takes advantage of biomaterials’ special capabilities, such as high biocompatibility and bioactive characteristics. When administered via different routes, drug molecules deal with biological barriers; DDSs help them overcome these hurdles. With their adaptable features and ample packing capacity, biomaterial-based delivery systems allow for the targeted, localised, and prolonged release of medications. Additionally, they are being investigated more and more for the purpose of controlling the interface between the host tissue and implanted biomedical materials. This review discusses innovative nanoparticle designs for precision and non-personalised applications to improve precision therapies. We prioritised nanoparticle design trends that address heterogeneous delivery barriers, because we believe intelligent nanoparticle design can improve patient outcomes by enabling precision designs and improving general delivery efficacy. We additionally reviewed the most recent literature on biomaterials used in biotherapy and vaccine development, covering drug delivery, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and other similar fields; we have also addressed the difficulties and future potential of biomaterial-assisted biotherapies.

Background: Cancer is regarded as one of the main causes of death globally. Future predictions indicate that the death rate from cancer will keep rising, which may reach 11.4 million in 2030. Carcinogenesis refers to the phenomenon of transforming a normal cell into a cancer cell. Cancer is characterized by unregulated and uncontrolled cell division due to alterations at the molecular and genetic levels. Gene mutations can speed up the rate of cell division, which leads to cancer. Metastasis entails the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary site to distant regions of the body via the circulatory or lymphatic systems. Objective: This review is mainly focusing on the anticancer properties of terpenoids. In the case of human beings, several types of cancers can be treated clinically based on the form and phase of the cancer. So, there are different types of treatment regimens available for the management of cancer, such as immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Methods: Several problems are associated with cancer therapy, including chemoresistance, severe toxicity, relapse, and metastasis. To minimize these complications, natural products like terpenoids seem to be beneficial for the effective management of cancer. Results: Experimental results revealed that the anticancer potential of terpenoids is due to activation of apoptosis and stimulation of cell cycle arrest. Some of the terpenoids exhibit anticancer effects by inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis via the regulation of several signaling pathways intracellularly. Certain terpenoids have been shown to work in concert with anticancer medications (doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil) to provide synergistic effects. These terpenoids have also been shown to be effective against cancer cells that are resistant to several drug therapies. Conclusion: The current study will focus on signaling pathways and mode of action of several types of terpenoids as anticancer agents. Further, it will provide insights into the ongoing clinical trials and prospective pathways for the advancement of terpenoids as possible anti-cancer agents.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an exhausting neurodegenerative condition marked by the build-up of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain and a progressive loss of cognitive function. The complicated role that protein kinases play in the pathophysiology of AD has come to light more and more in recent years. The symptoms of AD include memory loss, cognitive impairment, and neuronal malfunction. Many cellular processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, and protein homeostasis, have been linked to protein kinases, a class of enzymes that control phosphorylation. The etiology of AD has been closely related to the dysregulation of protein kinases, including those implicated in the phosphorylation of tau and the formation of amyloid-beta. GSK-3, also known as glycogen synthase kinase, is one of the most studied protein kinases in Alzheimer's disease. It is known that GSK-3 phosphorylates tau protein, causing it to clump together and create neurofibrillary tangles. Moreover, GSK-3 activation increases the development of amyloid-beta, which furthers the disease's progression. Additional protein kinases, including Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), have also been connected to tau phosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction in AD. Protein kinases play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of AD, extending beyond tau phosphorylation. Research has shown that Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing is regulated by Protein Kinases A (PKA) and C (PKC), which affects the production and clearance of amyloid-beta. Furthermore, AD etiology involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which are regulated by protein kinases. This study will cover the effects of protein kinases in AD, focusing on their role in tau phosphorylation, an attribute of the disease. We will also address the role of protein kinase in the development of amyloid-beta, synaptic malfunction, and neuroinflammation.

Introduction: Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field in pharmaceutical science, driven by the enhanced quality of nano-formulations that improve the treatment of various diseases. Nano-sized novel drug delivery techniques for herbal pharmaceuticals have the potential to enhance activity and address concerns related to medicinal plants in the future. Natural chemicals show promise in various neurodegenerative diseases, but their permeability across the blood-brain barrier prevents them from reaching the nervous system. By improving molecular monitoring, synthesis, and diagnostics, pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides improved controlled drug delivery for the treatment of neurodegeneration. Method: The evaluated and investigated data from recent studies were gathered using Google Scholar as a search engine. We reviewed and analysed research publications from databases like Bentham Science, Elsevier, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, among others, to summarize the findings. Results: Curcumin, Centella asiatica, thymoquinone, Hypericum perforatum, Panax ginseng, quercetin, piperine, and a variety of other herbs and herbal medicines have all been examined for their potential to aid in the treatment of brain disorders like Alzheimer's disease. To enhance drug bioavailability in the brain, nanoformulations, including phytosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, and niosomes, have been utilized as pharmaceuticals. Conclusion: Herbs and herbal medicines have been synthesized into nanoparticle form to enhance tissue distribution, achieve sustained delivery, and protect against physicochemical degradation while also increasing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble herbal products. To overcome physiological complications, researchers must develop lab-scale approaches, characterization methodologies, and targeting tactics for nanoformulations with high translational potential early in product development.