To identify the factors with higher bird strike risk at a certain airport, and to provide a theoretical basis for the airport to develop targeted and dynamic bird strike prevention strategies, this study has established a bird strike risk assessment index system for the airport based on the “3M1E” theory and relevant content of the “Management Measures for the Prevention and Control of Bird Strikes and Animal Intrusions at Transport Airports”. Then, under the premise of reasonably selecting the parameters of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy entropy, the entropy method is used to simultaneously determine the expert weights and indicator weights. Finally, a weighted TOPSIS model was utilized to assess and rank the high-risk factors contributing to bird strike incidents. Then, taking the bird strike event occurrence at a certain airport as an example for analysis, the second-level indicators are ranked. The results show that the top three indicators are Bird Prevention Funding (\(D_3\)), Habitat Distribution (\(C_1\)), and Dispersal Activities (\(D_5\)). The assessment results provide the necessary basic data for the bird strike prevention work of the airport.

The aviation field is now digitally transforming more rapidly than ever, bringing more opportunities for the sector and new vulnerabilities that traditional safety measures cannot cope with. With the attempts to integrate the civil aviation systems of today with a wide range of technological applications, including satellite-based navigation, digital traffic control, and automated passenger processing, cybersecurity has become the most vital point of aviation security. However, current cybersecurity methods in the aviation sector continue to be disintegrated, as they are concentrating on only isolated technical solutions or are compliance-focused, at the expense of holistic risk management being limited. This research introduces and verifies a civil aviation-based multi-layer cybersecurity risk assessment framework that brings back a sense of unity to policy, technology, and real-world operational practice. The paper conducts a quantitative study of 58 peer-reviewed works and legal reports published between 2010 and 2024 to identify and assess the cybersecurity risks that exist in the aviation industry and are distributed across four layers, i.e., technical, operational, human, and policy layers. The Quantitative results demonstrate that a significant part of the cyber incidents are due to technical and human failures, while the policy level deteriorates the vulnerabilities of the whole system. Thematic analysis underpins the problems, including repeated ones, such as the lack of coordination among departments in implementing security measures, the narrowness of the scope of cyber training, and the poor execution of regulations. The research offers actionable insights for regulators, airport authorities, airlines, and cybersecurity vendors. Different kinds of visual patterns, such as a PRISMA study flow diagram, a risk attribution chart, and a thematic map, provide the framework's verification and make it easier to understand from a visual perspective. The proposed implementation model outlines the strategy by which each layer can serve as a defense for the rest by working together to achieve the security goal set. The study gives practical tips to regulators, airport authorities, airlines, and cybersecurity vendors. It expresses the opinion that our cyber security defense should be based on many layers and be capable of dealing with challenges at once rather than just fixing problems when they arise. The innovation presented in the paper empowers participants to take the initiative to protect the aviation sector from digital dangers, which, consequently, is a step towards peace of mind concerning the connectedness and digitalization of the global society in the years to come.

New biodegradable paper-based films are a hot research topic in the development of green agriculture. In this study, a black paper-based film coated with cooked tung oil with excellent mechanical properties, a hydrophobic surface, high heat transfer and strong weather resistance was prepared by spraying high-pigment carbon black solution on the surface of base paper. The results showed that the surface-solidified oil film had a rough structure produced via the brush coating process using cooked tung oil. The base film of the black paper had a given hydrophobic structure, and the contact angle reached 98.9°. Cooked tung oil permeates into the inside of the paper base, and after curing, it forms a multi-dimensional network film structure. The maximum tensile stress of the black paper base film is about 123% higher than that of the original paper base film. The coloring of carbon black gives the black paper base film a heat conduction effect, and the average heat transfer rate reaches 15.12 °C/s. Cooked tung oil is combined with the paper-based fiber high-toughness layer to form a stable system. The existence of a cured film improves the basic mechanics and hydrophobicity, and the resistance to ultraviolet radiation and hot air is greatly improved. This study provides a feasible scheme for the application of a black paper base film coated with cooked tung oil.

A new biodegradable paper-based film is a hot research topic in the development of green agriculture. In this paper, a black paper base film coated with cooked tung oil with excellent mechanical properties, hydrophobic surface, high heat transfer and strong weather resistance was prepared by spraying high pigment carbon black solution on the surface of base paper. The results showed that the surface solidified oil film with rough structure was made by the brush coating process of cooked tung oil, and the base film of black paper was given hydrophobic structure, and the contact angle reached 98.9 °. Cooked tung oil permeates into the inside of the paper base, and after curing, it forms a multi-dimensional network film structure. The maximum tensile stress of the black paper base film is about 123% higher than that of the original paper base film. The coloring of carbon black makes the black paper base film have heat conduction effect, and the average heat transfer rate reaches 15.12 °C/s. Cooked tung oil is combined with the paper-based fiber high-toughness layer to form a stable system. The existence of the cured film improves the basic mechanics and hydrophobicity, and the resistance to ultraviolet radiation and hot air is greatly improved. This study provides a feasible scheme for the application of a black paper base film coated with cooked tung oil.