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Electrochemical energy storage systems are fundamental to renewable energy integration and electrified vehicle penetration. Hybrid electrochemical energy storage systems (HEESSs) are an attractive option because they often exhibit superior performance over the independent use of each constituent energy storage. This article provides an HEESS overview focusing on battery-supercapacitor hybrids, covering different aspects in smart grid and electrified vehicle applications. The primary goal of this paper is to summarize recent research progress and stimulate innovative thoughts for HEESS development. To this end, system configuration, DC/DC converter design and energy management strategy development are covered in great details. The state-of-the-art methods to approach these issues are surveyed; the relationship and technological details in between are also expounded. A case study is presented to demonstrate a framework of integrated sizing formulation and energy management strategy synthesis. The results show that an HEESS with appropriate sizing and enabling energy management can markedly reduce the battery degradation rate by about 40% only at an extra expense of 1/8 of the system cost compared with battery-only energy storage.
Lei Zhang; Xiaosong Hu; Zhenpo Wang; Jiageng Ruan; Chengbin Ma; Ziyou Song; David G. Dorrell; Michael G. Pecht. Hybrid electrochemical energy storage systems: An overview for smart grid and electrified vehicle applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 139, 110581 .
AMA StyleLei Zhang, Xiaosong Hu, Zhenpo Wang, Jiageng Ruan, Chengbin Ma, Ziyou Song, David G. Dorrell, Michael G. Pecht. Hybrid electrochemical energy storage systems: An overview for smart grid and electrified vehicle applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 139 ():110581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei Zhang; Xiaosong Hu; Zhenpo Wang; Jiageng Ruan; Chengbin Ma; Ziyou Song; David G. Dorrell; Michael G. Pecht. 2020. "Hybrid electrochemical energy storage systems: An overview for smart grid and electrified vehicle applications." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 139, no. : 110581.
Transportation sector is one of the major sources of pollutants as it contributes more than 80% of CO, while almost all HC and 90% of NOx and PM. Although battery electric vehicles are well-known for reducing environmental pollution, the driving range and battery lifespan put a significant barrier to its large-scale commercialization. In this study, an integrated system, which includes an uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system, is proposed to improve energy efficiency and extend battery lifespan. Given the limitations of dynamic programming in practice, a real-time optimal control strategy is designed to evaluate the power loss and battery capacity degradation of the proposed integrated system based on detailed mathematical models of individual powertrain components. To achieve a desirable trade-off between battery degradation, energy consumption, and acquisition cost, a mixed-integer multi-objective genetic algorithm is implemented to optimize the parameters of the hybrid energy storage system, while Pareto principal is adopted to find the proper solution according to different purposes. The simulation results reveal that the proposed integrated system shows the potential of saving 15.85%–20.82% of the energy consumption in typical driving cycles and more than 22.61%–31.11% Life-cycle cost compared with the single-ratio transmission-based battery electric vehicles. The selected Pareto front can further enhance Life-cycle cost from 26.53% to 28.13% in the HWFET cycle. It can be concluded that the integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system not only can improve motor efficiency and reduce energy consumption, it also can extend the battery lifespan to decrease Life-cycle cost compared to conventional single-ratio battery-only EV.
Weiwei Yang; Jiageng Ruan; Jue Yang; Nong Zhang. Investigation of integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. Applied Energy 2020, 262, 114446 .
AMA StyleWeiwei Yang, Jiageng Ruan, Jue Yang, Nong Zhang. Investigation of integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. Applied Energy. 2020; 262 ():114446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeiwei Yang; Jiageng Ruan; Jue Yang; Nong Zhang. 2020. "Investigation of integrated uninterrupted dual input transmission and hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles." Applied Energy 262, no. : 114446.
Jiageng Ruan; Qiang Song; Weiwei Yang. The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle. Energy 2019, 183, 315 -330.
AMA StyleJiageng Ruan, Qiang Song, Weiwei Yang. The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle. Energy. 2019; 183 ():315-330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiageng Ruan; Qiang Song; Weiwei Yang. 2019. "The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle." Energy 183, no. : 315-330.
Aiming at improving regenerative braking ability in electric vehicles without compromising any safety, two different regenerative braking strategies are proposed in this study. The impact of continuously varying braking force distributions between front/rear wheel and electric/friction corresponding in two different strategies on braking noise are investigated. Based on the closed-loop coupling disk brake model, the relationship between the contact coupling stiffness and the braking force is established by considering the stationary modal test, the nonlinear optimization, and the relationship between brake-line pressure and braking force. The continuously varying braking force is initially transformed to continuously varying contact coupling stiffness, then, the brake noise tendency at each frequency band is calculated in closed-loop coupled model. The predicted result shows good consistency with the result recorded in bench test, verifying the reliability and effectivity of the presented method. The comparison of the two different electric braking strategies shows that the second braking strategy is superior to the first braking strategy in terms of suppressing the brake noise tendency.
Pu Gao; Jiageng Ruan; Yongchang Du; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. The prediction of braking noise in regenerative braking system using closed-loop coupling disk brake model. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 2019, 233, 3721 -3735.
AMA StylePu Gao, Jiageng Ruan, Yongchang Du, Paul Walker, Nong Zhang. The prediction of braking noise in regenerative braking system using closed-loop coupling disk brake model. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2019; 233 (14):3721-3735.
Chicago/Turabian StylePu Gao; Jiageng Ruan; Yongchang Du; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. 2019. "The prediction of braking noise in regenerative braking system using closed-loop coupling disk brake model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14: 3721-3735.
A dual input clutchless transmission system based on automated manual transmission (AMT) structure is developed for pure electric vehicles. An energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed to determine the power distribution between two motors and the optimal gear state. A mathematical model is built to minimize the energy consumption of the motors at each instant based on the motor efficiency maps. However, the proposed EMS in line with other energy-oriented strategies often result in excessive gear shifts and compromised drivability. To avoid the undesired gear shift, a shifting stabilizer is built in the EMS objective function to improve the shift quality. Accordingly, to achieve a balance between the energy consumption and the drivability, a multi-objective optimization method is adopted to reduce the unnecessary shift events while minimizing energy consumption. Two driving cycles representing typical daily driving conditions are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of energy efficiency and shifting stability.
Hanfei Wu; Paul Walker; Jinglai Wu; JieJunYi Liang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang. Energy management and shifting stability control for a novel dual input clutchless transmission system. Mechanism and Machine Theory 2019, 135, 298 -321.
AMA StyleHanfei Wu, Paul Walker, Jinglai Wu, JieJunYi Liang, Jiageng Ruan, Nong Zhang. Energy management and shifting stability control for a novel dual input clutchless transmission system. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2019; 135 ():298-321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanfei Wu; Paul Walker; Jinglai Wu; JieJunYi Liang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang. 2019. "Energy management and shifting stability control for a novel dual input clutchless transmission system." Mechanism and Machine Theory 135, no. : 298-321.
To alleviate the problem of limited driving range per charge in electric vehicles, a dual clutch transmission based regenerative braking power-on shifting control system is proposed and investigated in this paper. Power-on shifting refers to the shift process where the power flow between the wheel and the power source is not cut off and could be maintained around a desirable value. This character is more important for regenerative braking than the normal driving conditions as the regenerative braking force from the motor accounts for a large part of the total braking force. Due to the difference between the normal driving condition and the regenerative braking process, existing normal driving shifting control strategies, which could introduce significant torque interruption, cannot be directly applied for regenerative braking. As a result, the energy recovery capability and efficiency are compromised. To solve this problem, a power-on shifting control strategy for regenerative braking is proposed as well as an energy-safety oriented braking strategy. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, mathematical models are built and dynamic responses of the transmission system during braking both in up-shift and down-shift processes are presented. Moreover, the efficiency and recovery capability improvements made by achieving power-on shifting during regenerative braking are verified through a typical deceleration driving cycle and a specially designed daily deceleration scenario.
JieJunYi Liang; Paul D. Walker; Jiageng Ruan; Haitao Yang; Jinglai Wu; Nong Zhang. Gearshift and brake distribution control for regenerative braking in electric vehicles with dual clutch transmission. Mechanism and Machine Theory 2018, 133, 1 -22.
AMA StyleJieJunYi Liang, Paul D. Walker, Jiageng Ruan, Haitao Yang, Jinglai Wu, Nong Zhang. Gearshift and brake distribution control for regenerative braking in electric vehicles with dual clutch transmission. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2018; 133 ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJieJunYi Liang; Paul D. Walker; Jiageng Ruan; Haitao Yang; Jinglai Wu; Nong Zhang. 2018. "Gearshift and brake distribution control for regenerative braking in electric vehicles with dual clutch transmission." Mechanism and Machine Theory 133, no. : 1-22.
Multiple speed transmissions adopted by electric vehicles (EVs) provide the probability of further improving the global efficiency of the drivetrain, as well as extending limited driving range for the fixed power storage. This paper proposes a novel two-speed transmission for an electric vehicle (EV), which is capable of realizing power-on gear shifting by operating the band brake to lock or unlock the one-way-clutch. The band brake controlled by the actuator provides a smooth and efficient gear shifting. To achieve power-on gear shifting, three alternative control strategies are proposed and applied in this novel two-speed transmission system. To verify the transient behaviour during the gear shifting, the EV powertrain equipped with the proposed two-speed transmission is undertaken. Firstly, a mathematical model is developed, including the electric motor, the proposed two-speed transmission, the vehicle, etc. Then, model-based alternative power-on gearshift strategies are developed, and a torque-based gearshift closed-loop controller with the desired speed trajectory is proposed. The vehicle jerk and the friction work are taken as the foremost metrics to evaluate the gearshift quality. The simulation results demonstrate that all strategies can achieve power-on gearshifts. The disadvantages and advantages of these strategies are exhibited clearly, which provides beneficial knowledge and reference to the researchers engaged in the development of the transmission controller.
Yang Tian; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang; Jinglai Wu; Paul Walker. Modelling and control of a novel two-speed transmission for electric vehicles. Mechanism and Machine Theory 2018, 127, 13 -32.
AMA StyleYang Tian, Jiageng Ruan, Nong Zhang, Jinglai Wu, Paul Walker. Modelling and control of a novel two-speed transmission for electric vehicles. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2018; 127 ():13-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Tian; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang; Jinglai Wu; Paul Walker. 2018. "Modelling and control of a novel two-speed transmission for electric vehicles." Mechanism and Machine Theory 127, no. : 13-32.
Two novel dual motor input powertrains are proposed to improve the energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). The first powertrain is based on a dual motor with planetary gear transmission (DMPGT), which connects two motors to the sun gear and ring gear respectively, and the carrier is engaged with output shaft. Two band brakes equipped on the sun gear and ring gear can realize three driving modes. The second powertrain is based on a dual motor with parallel axle transmission (DMPAT). It also provides three driving modes through switching on and off the two motors. To evaluate the two proposed powertrains, they will be compared with the widely adopted single motor with 1-speed and with 2-speed powertrains. The gear ratios of the powertrains are selected aiming at the vehicle dynamic performance, while the gear or mode shifting is designed to maximize the efficiency of EVs through an instantaneous optimization algorithm. The simulation results of the two proposed powertrains in three typical driving cycles demonstrate that the EVs equipped with both DMPGT and DMPAT have a higher overall efficiency than the EVs equipped with single motor input powertrain.
Jinglai Wu; JieJunYi Liang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang; Paul D. Walker. Efficiency comparison of electric vehicles powertrains with dual motor and single motor input. Mechanism and Machine Theory 2018, 128, 569 -585.
AMA StyleJinglai Wu, JieJunYi Liang, Jiageng Ruan, Nong Zhang, Paul D. Walker. Efficiency comparison of electric vehicles powertrains with dual motor and single motor input. Mechanism and Machine Theory. 2018; 128 ():569-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinglai Wu; JieJunYi Liang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang; Paul D. Walker. 2018. "Efficiency comparison of electric vehicles powertrains with dual motor and single motor input." Mechanism and Machine Theory 128, no. : 569-585.
Pure electric vehicles, as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuel–powered passenger vehicles, provide outstanding overall energy-utilizing efficiency by omitting the internal combustion engine. However, because of lower energy density in battery energy storage, the driving range per charge is limited by this electrochemical power source, leading to a so-called range phobia and presenting a major barrier for large-scale commercialization. The widely adopted single-reduction gear in pure electric vehicles typically do not achieve the diverse range of functional needs that are present in multi-speed conventional vehicles, most notably acceleration performance and top speed requirements. Consequently, special-designed multi-speed pure electric vehicle–powertrains have been compared and investigated for these applications in this article. Through the optimizing of multiple gear ratios and creating special shifting strategies, a more diverse range of functional needs is realized without increasing the practical size of the electric motor and battery. This article investigates the performance improvements of pure electric vehicle realized through utilization of multi-speed dual-clutch transmissions and continuously variable transmissions. Results reveal that there can be significant benefits attained for pure electric vehicles through multi-speed transmissions. Simulation results shows that continuously variable transmission and two-speed transmission are the two most promising transmissions for pure electric vehicle in different classes, respectively.
Jiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Jinglai Wu; Nong Zhang; Bangji Zhang. Development of continuously variable transmission and multi-speed dual-clutch transmission for pure electric vehicle. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2018, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleJiageng Ruan, Paul Walker, Jinglai Wu, Nong Zhang, Bangji Zhang. Development of continuously variable transmission and multi-speed dual-clutch transmission for pure electric vehicle. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2018; 10 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Jinglai Wu; Nong Zhang; Bangji Zhang. 2018. "Development of continuously variable transmission and multi-speed dual-clutch transmission for pure electric vehicle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 2: 1.
Due to the low energy density of electrochemical battery in Electric Vehicles (EVs), the driving range per charge has been limited. However, the widely adopted single reduction gear in EVs typically do not achieve the diverse range of functional needs. Consequently, multi-speed EV powertrains have been compared and investigated for these applications. Through the optimizing of gear ratios, a more diverse range of functional needs can be realized without increasing the practical size of the electric motor. This paper studies the performance improvements realized through utilization of 2-4 speeds and continuously variable transmission. Results demonstrate that there can be significant benefits attained for both small and large passenger vehicles.
Jiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. Comparison of Power Consumption Efficiency of CVT and Multi-Speed Transmissions for Electric Vehicle. International Journal of Automotive Engineering 2018, 9, 268 -275.
AMA StyleJiageng Ruan, Paul Walker, Nong Zhang. Comparison of Power Consumption Efficiency of CVT and Multi-Speed Transmissions for Electric Vehicle. International Journal of Automotive Engineering. 2018; 9 (4):268-275.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. 2018. "Comparison of Power Consumption Efficiency of CVT and Multi-Speed Transmissions for Electric Vehicle." International Journal of Automotive Engineering 9, no. 4: 268-275.
Jiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang; Jinglai Wu. An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle. Energy 2017, 140, 291 -306.
AMA StyleJiageng Ruan, Paul Walker, Nong Zhang, Jinglai Wu. An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle. Energy. 2017; 140 ():291-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang; Jinglai Wu. 2017. "An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle." Energy 140, no. : 291-306.
A regenerative braking system and hydraulic braking system are used in conjunction in the majority of electric vehicles worldwide. We propose a new regenerative braking distribution strategy that is based on multi-input fuzzy control logic while considering the influences of the battery’s state of charge, the brake strength and the motor speed. To verify the braking performance and recovery economy, this strategy was applied to a battery electric vehicle model and compared with two other improved regenerative braking strategies. The performance simulation was performed using standard driving cycles (NEDC, LA92, and JP1015) and a real-world-based urban cycle in China. The tested braking strategies satisfied the general safety requirements of Europe (as specified in ECE-13H), and the emergency braking scenario and economic potential were tested. The simulation results demonstrated the differences in the braking force distribution performance of these three regenerative braking strategies, the feasibility of the braking methods for the proposed driving cycles and the energy economic potential of the three strategies.
Boyi Xiao; Huazhong Lu; Hailin Wang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang. Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Performance and Potential Analysis. Energies 2017, 10, 1875 .
AMA StyleBoyi Xiao, Huazhong Lu, Hailin Wang, Jiageng Ruan, Nong Zhang. Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Performance and Potential Analysis. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1875.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoyi Xiao; Huazhong Lu; Hailin Wang; Jiageng Ruan; Nong Zhang. 2017. "Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Performance and Potential Analysis." Energies 10, no. 11: 1875.
Jiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions. Applied Energy 2016, 165, 119 -134.
AMA StyleJiageng Ruan, Paul Walker, Nong Zhang. A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions. Applied Energy. 2016; 165 ():119-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiageng Ruan; Paul Walker; Nong Zhang. 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions." Applied Energy 165, no. : 119-134.