Optical coherence tomography-angiography is a technique that allows us to non-invasively study in vivo the different retinal vascular networks. This allows a deeper understanding of retinal capillary anatomy and function, in addition to the pathophysiologic changes encountered in diverse diseases. The four retinal capillary layers have different anatomies and functions, implying distinct adaptation and roles in the course of the diseases. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Several studies have evaluated how each retinal capillary layer is specifically affected according to the stage of the disease. Unfortunately, too few studies have considered the intermediate capillary plexus as a separate layer, as it has often been incorporated in another layer. In this review, we shed light on the potential role the intermediate capillary plexus plays in the physiopathology of diabetic retinal disease as well as its potential use in grading diabetic retinopathy and its clinical added value in estimating the disease prognosis.

Introduction: This case report describes the first instances of spontaneous rejection of corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments (CAIRS). The findings add to the scientific literature by highlighting a previously unreported complication associated with CAIRS, which has generally been considered a safer alternative to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS). Patient and Clinical Findings: Patient A had progressive asymmetric keratoconus, underwent CAIRS implantation in the left eye. Postoperative complications included a small epithelial defect on day 1 and spontaneous CAIRS expulsion on day 4. Patient B, with severe keratoconus, presented with 2 minor epithelial defects on day 1 and also experienced partial spontaneous CAIRS expulsion. Diagnosis, Intervention, and Outcomes: Both patients had surgical management of their expulsion, with subsequent antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. Despite the interventions, patient A presented with a persistent epithelial defect and patient B had an episode of infectious keratitis. After the resolution of these complications, patient A opted for medical treatment and patient B for surgical treatment. Conclusions: This report highlights the possibility potential for spontaneous CAIRS rejection. Although CAIRS offers a promising alternative to PMMA ICRS, careful monitoring and prompt management of postoperative complications are crucial to optimize patient outcomes.

Introduction: Intracorneal intraocular lens (IOL) insertion is rare complication of cataract surgery. The authors present a case of such complication, with its management and imaging. Patient and Clinical Findings: An 86-year-old woman was scheduled for routine cataract surgery. During the intervention, the IOL was inadvertently inserted into the corneal stroma because of misalignment. The patient was referred to the surgical clinic with severe eye pain and important corneal edema, with the IOL still in the cornea. Diagnosis, Intervention, and Outcomes: The IOL was extracted with toothed forceps, and the anterior chamber was bubbled, but immediate IOL implantation was deferred because of important corneal damage and decreased visibility. After 1 week, reduced corneal edema permitted successful sulcus IOL insertion. At 1 month, refraction was −1.25 × −2.50 (130 degrees) with a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 0.48 logMAR, and corneal optical coherence tomography showed a posterior stromal scar. By 3 months, refraction improved to −1.0 × −1.50 (80 degrees) with a CDVA of 0.18 logMAR, with residual stromal scarring. Conclusions: This is the first case, to the authors' knowledge, to include detailed imaging and demonstrates that early intervention can yield favorable outcomes despite extensive corneal damage. Emphasis on prevention through meticulous surgical technique is crucial. Surgeons must promptly recognize and address this complication to minimize long-term damage.