Homelessness is a pervasive issue in the United States that presents significant challenges to public health. Homeless young adults (HYAs) are at particular risk for increased incidence and severity of depression. Using primary survey data (n = 205) collected in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, Arizona, from June to August 2022, this study aims to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression among HYAs. We adopted the ACEs 10-item scale to measure childhood traumatic experiences, whereas depression was measured by using a PHQ-4 depression scale and diagnosed depression. Regression models were conducted to test the relationships between ACEs and depression outcomes while controlling for the covariates at the individual, interpersonal, and socioeconomic/living environment levels. The average PHQ-4 score was 5.01 (SD = 3.59), and 59.69% of HYAs reported being diagnosed previously with depression. The mean ACEs score was 5.22 out of 10. Other things being equal, for every one unit increase in ACEs scores, the odds of being diagnosed with depression increased by 11.5%, yet it was not statistically significant, while the PHQ-4 score increased by 0.445 (p < 0.001). Overall, HYAs were disproportionately affected by depression. This study elucidates the complex relationship between ACEs and depression among HYAs.

Case: Three cases of pediatric patients with knee injuries from cactus thorns are included. These cases are variable in presentation ranging from acute inflammatory responses to permanent limb deformity secondary to growth arrest. Definitive treatment also varied widely from nonoperative conservative management to multiple arthroscopic and open surgeries. Conclusion: Pediatric cactus thorn injuries have varied presentations, requiring a high level of clinical suspicion for diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent damage.

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction (UCLR) of the elbow is common in throwing athletes and reliably allows return to play. The literature supports stress imaging of the elbow to evaluate the integrity of the UCL. The FEVER view (flexion, external rotation, and valgus stress) was developed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of UCL pathology in throwing athletes with stress magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hypothesis/Purpose: The present study sought to evaluate FEVER MRI imaging findings, primarily ulnohumeral joint space widening, in patients with and without a history of UCLR. The authors hypothesize that on the FEVER view there would be no difference in joint space widening between pitchers with a history of UCLR and those without. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Pitchers in 2 Major League Baseball franchises who underwent preseason screening MRIs with standard and FEVER views were included. All images were read by 2 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. Findings included gross UCL appearance, UCL edema, location of edema, type of signal, grade of injury, ligament retraction, and amount of ulnar-sided joint space opening (absolute opening, the joint space widening in the FEVER stress view; relative opening, the difference between joint space widening in the FEVER view and standard view joint space widening). Time from surgery was evaluated for impact on imaging findings. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in absolute medial-sided joint space opening in players with a history of UCLR (n = 18; mean, 4.5 ± 3.4 years between UCLR and MRI) versus no UCLR (n = 76) (4.3 vs 3.8 mm; P = .04) and increased grade of UCL signal ( P = .034) in patients with a history of UCLR. There was no difference in the other imaging parameters, including relative joint space opening (2.2 vs 1.9 mm; P = 0.11). Time from surgery was not associated with any outcome variables. Conclusion: Valgus stress MRI (the FEVER view) showed a slight, but significant increase in absolute joint space opening after UCLR and an increased grade of intrasubstance UCL signal. However, there was no difference in relative joint space opening, and the clinical significance of these findings is unclear and warrants further study.