Background and Objectives: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is associated with pulmonary embolism and long-term complications such as post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Anticoagulation prevents thrombus extension but does not actively remove clot. Interventional techniques, including catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical and pharmacomechanical thrombectomy, and venous stenting, have been introduced to restore venous patency and reduce complications. This systematic review summarizes current evidence on outcomes, safety, and patient selection for these procedures. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and February 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies with ≥20 patients. Extracted outcomes were technical success, thrombus clearance, venous patency, PTS, quality of life, and complications. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and AMSTAR-2. Results: Of 456 records screened, 35 studies were included. Randomized trials (CaVenT, ATTRACT, CAVA) showed that catheter-directed and pharmacomechanical approaches improved venous patency and reduced moderate-to-severe PTS in selected patients with iliofemoral DVT, though overall benefit was variable. Mechanical thrombectomy devices (e.g., AngioJet, ClotTriever, FlowTriever) achieved high thrombus clearance and shorter procedural times, with device-specific complication profiles. Observational data demonstrated venous stenting patency rates of 74–89% at 12 months. Study heterogeneity limited direct comparisons. Conclusions: Interventional procedures can reduce PTS and improve outcomes in carefully selected patients, particularly those with acute iliofemoral DVT. Modern mechanical and pharmacomechanical techniques enhance efficiency and safety, while venous stenting addresses underlying obstructions. Further high-quality trials with long-term follow-up are needed to define optimal patient selection and comparative effectiveness.

Biofilm-related ocular infections can lead to vision loss and are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to challenges with application and increasing microbial resistance. In turn, the design and testing of new synthetic drugs is a time- and cost-consuming process. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of the plant-based abietic acid molecule, both alone and when introduced to a polymeric cellulose carrier, against biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in standard laboratory settings as well as in a self-designed setting using the topologically challenging surface of the artificial eye. These analyses were performed using the standard microdilution method, the biofilm-oriented antiseptic test (BOAT), a modified disk-diffusion method, and eyeball models. Additionally, we assessed the cytotoxicity of abietic acid against eukaryotic cell lines and its anti-staphylococcal efficacy in an in vivo model using Galleria mellonella larvae. We found that abietic acid was more effective against Staphylococcus than Pseudomonas (from two to four times, depending on the test applied) and that it was generally more effective against the tested bacteria (up to four times) than against the fungus C. albicans at concentrations non-cytotoxic to the eukaryotic cell lines and to G. mellonella (256 and 512 µg/mL, respectively). In the in vivo infection model, abietic acid effectively prevented the spread of staphylococcus throughout the larvae organisms, decreasing their lethality by up to 50%. These initial results obtained indicate promising features of abietic acid, which may potentially be applied to treat ocular infections caused by pathogenic biofilms, with higher efficiency manifested against bacterial than fungal biofilms.

This study evaluates the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), a source of chlorine dioxide. Despite its controversial promotion in alternative medicine as a cure-all solution, known as “Miracle Mineral Solution” (MMS), the data on its factual medicinal activity is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the activity of ASC against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli , and Lactobacillus sp . The study also investigated the i n vitro cytotoxic effects of ASC towards eukaryotic fibroblasts and in in vivo model of Galleria mellonella larvae. Our findings demonstrate that these concentrations of ASC which can effectively eradicate biofilms, also pose potential health risks due to their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity. It implies that ASC applied in human can lead to damage to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. This research contributes to the ongoing debate on the safety and efficacy of chlorine dioxide in clinical applications, highlighting the need for precise dosing to avoid mucosal damage in therapeutic contexts.

Background Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disease and is associated with a high risk of death or disability. One group of patients at a particular risk of developing this disease are injection drug users. Case presentation A series of five cases of patients addicted to narcotic drugs, hospitalized at the Department of Angiology due to venous thromboembolism has been presented. The main risk factor was a venous or subcutaneous tissue injection of drugs. These cases reveal a complex clinical picture of venous thrombosis, difficulties in selecting and monitoring anticoagulant therapy, coexisting infections, as well as economic and psychosocial aspects. Conclusions Addiction to drugs administered by injection is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism, the clinical picture is complex and treatment is a major challenge for vascular medicine and drug addiction therapy. Education and preventive measures within the communities of drug addicts could be the most important actions aimed at reducing the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. Background Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disease and is associated with a high risk of death or disability. One group of patients at a particular risk of developing this disease are injection drug users. Case presentation A series of five cases of patients addicted to narcotic drugs, hospitalized at the Department of Angiology due to venous thromboembolism has been presented. The main risk factor was a venous or subcutaneous tissue injection of drugs. These cases reveal a complex clinical picture of venous thrombosis, difficulties in selecting and monitoring anticoagulant therapy, coexisting infections, as well as economic and psychosocial aspects. Conclusions Addiction to drugs administered by injection is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism, the clinical picture is complex and treatment is a major challenge for vascular medicine and drug addiction therapy. Education and preventive measures within the communities of drug addicts could be the most important actions aimed at reducing the incidence of deep vein thrombosis.

Purpose: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a prevalent vascular condition that can lead to serious complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome. Despite advances in endovascular therapies, the absence of a standardised method for evaluating venous recanalisation impedes consistent outcome reporting and inter-study comparisons. We developed the DVT Recanalisation Scale (DVT RS), integrating anatomical and functional criteria to provide a reproducible method for assessing recanalisation following endovascular treatment of DVT.Material and methods: This retrospective pilot study included 31 patients with predominantly iliofemoral DVT treated via catheter-directed thromboaspiration and other endovascular techniques. Recanalisation was assessed using phlebographic imaging acquired in multiple projections with compression manoeuvres. Four independent ope­rators (three interventional radiologists, one interventional angiologist) scored recanalisation using the DVT RS. The scale classifies recanalisation into five grades: Grade 0 (no recanalisation), Grade 1 (partial recanalisation without spontaneous flow), Grade 2A (flow with stenosis > 50%), Grade 2B (flow with residual stenosis < 50%), and Grade 3 (complete recanalisation with normal flow). A supplemental “(S)” suffix indicates use of stenting. Interobserver reliability was measured using Cohen’s k.Results: Interobserver agreement exceeded 90%, with Cohen’s k > 0.90 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent reproducibility based on phlebographic evaluation. While this analysis relied solely on phlebography, we recommend incorporating multimodal imaging – including intravascular ultrasound and Dyna-CT – for optimal assessment of residual stenosis and flow.Conclusions: The DVT RS is a reproducible and adaptable tool for standardising the assessment of venous recanalisation. It supports improved outcome reporting and facilitates robust comparisons between clinical endpoints and intravascular results. Prospective validation in larger cohorts is needed.

Traditionally, contralateral retrograde or ipsilateral antegrade 6 F access has been the predominant approach for endovascular interventions in peripheral artery disease (PAD). This study explores the feasibility and safety of using ipsilateral antegrade 4 F access as an alternative in the endovascular treatment of PAD. The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical success and complication rates associated with ipsilateral antegrade 4 F access in PAD patients undergoing endovascular procedures. This retrospective study included 113 PAD patients (77 males and 36 females) who underwent endovascular treatment using the ipsilateral antegrade 4 F technique between February 2020 and July 2023. Data on patient demographics, procedural characteristics, technical success, and periprocedural complications were collected and analyzed. Complete technical success was achieved in 106 cases (93.8%), partial technical success in 6 cases (5.3%), and technical failure in 1 case (0.9%). Complications occurred in 4 patients (3.5%), while 109 patients (96.5%) had no complications. Ipsilateral antegrade 4 F access demonstrates high technical success and low complication rates, suggesting it is a viable and safe alternative for endovascular treatment of PAD. However, further prospective studies are recommended to validate these findings and to assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of this technique.