The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and seasonality on the removal efficiency of 26 organic microcontaminants from urban wastewater was studied in two pilot high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs). The targeted compounds included pharmaceuticals and personal care products, fire retardants, surfactants, anticorrosive agents, pesticides and plasticizers, among others. The pilot plant, which was fed at a surface loading rate of 7-29 g of COD m(-2)d(-1), consisted of a homogenisation tank and two parallel lines, each one with a primary settler and an HRAP with a surface area of 1.5 m(2) and a volume of 0.5 m(3). The two HRAPs were operated with different HRTs (4 and 8 d). The removal efficiency ranged from negligible removal to more than 90% depending on the compound. Microcontaminant removal efficiencies were enhanced during the warm season, while the HRT effect on microcontaminant removal was only noticeable in the cold season. Our results suggest that biodegradation and photodegradation are the most important removal pathways, whereas volatilization and sorption were solely achieved for hydrophobic compounds (log Kow>4) with a moderately high Henry's law constant values (11-12 Pa m(-3)mol(-1)) such as musk fragrances. Whereas acetaminophen, ibuprofen and oxybenzone presented ecotoxicological hazard quotients (HQs) higher than 1 in the influent wastewater samples, the HQs for the effluent water samples were always below 1.

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental impact of three alternatives for wastewater treatment in small communities. To this end, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out comparing a conventional wastewater treatment plant (i.e. activated sludge system) with two nature-based technologies (i.e. hybrid constructed wetland and high rate algal pond systems). Moreover, an economic evaluation was also addressed. All systems served a population equivalent of 1500 p.e. The functional unit was 1 m3 of water. System boundaries comprised input and output flows of material and energy resources for system construction and operation. The LCA was performed with the software SimaPro® 8, using the ReCiPe midpoint method. The results showed that the nature-based solutions were the most environmentally friendly alternatives, while the conventional wastewater treatment plant presented the worst results due to the high electricity and chemicals consumption. Specifically, the potential environmental impact of the conventional wastewater treatment plant was between 2 and 5 times higher than that generated by the nature-based systems depending on the impact category. Even though constructed wetland and high rate algal pond systems presented similar results in terms of environmental impact, the latter showed to be the less expensive alternative. Nevertheless, the constructed wetland system should be preferred when land occupation is of major concern, since it has a smaller footprint compared to the high rate algal pond alternative.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Slow degradation of sewage sludge is a disadvantage of anaerobic digestion leading to high sludge retention times in conventional digesters. Hydrolysis has been pointed as the rate-limiting step in this process. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion has been proved effectively to reduce the retention time needed for sludge stabilization. Sludge pretreatment has been also proposed as a strategy to accelerate the hydrolytic step. The effectiveness of high and low temperature thermal pretreatment, ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments in secondary sludge disintegration has been studied by means of the increment in filterable volatile solids to total volatile solids ratio (FVS/TVS) respect to untreated sludge. Increments in this parameter ranging from three-fold for microwave treatment to nine-fold for high temperature thermal treatment have been obtained. Biogas production under thermophilic (55 °C) conditions for treated and untreated secondary sludge has also been evaluated. In spite of the values of FVS/TVS ratio obtained for all the treatments studied, no differences in biogas production were observed when high temperature thermal treatment, ultrasonic and microwave treatments are compared with untreated sludge. A 50% increment in biogas production was observed for low temperature (70 °C) thermally treated sludge. This type of treatment has been pointed as a predigestion step enhancing biological activity of some thermophilic hydrolytic bacteria