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Dr. AMIR IKRAM
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

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0 Small and Medium Enterprises
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Research article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Mathematical Problems in Engineering
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The textile and clothing (T&C) sector plays an important role in the growth and industrial development of emerging economies. Work stress is a real concern for organizations with no immunity for the T&C sector. It hampers individual as well as organizational work performance that ultimately places a significant hurdle in achieving competitiveness in the market. This study aims at exploring the antecedents and consequences of work stress and how different causes of stress influence perceived stress among the employees of the textile and clothing organizations in Pakistan. Data were collected from 1470 employees of 24 organizations. Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and two researcher-developed instruments (34 items and 22 items each) were used for the data collection. Information gathered was analyzed by PLS-SEM (partial least squares structural equation modelling) technique. Statistically significant results were found for the antecedents, namely, work-family conflict, role clarity, work characteristics, social working environment, managers’ support at work, and training and career development, with work-family conflict as the most significant, and for the consequences, namely, psychological, emotional, physical, performance, and behavioral with psychological effect as the most significant. The findings of the study could help managers, designers, planners, and ergonomists in making more informed and proactive decisions while attempting to prevent or control the stress phenomenon in the T&C sector. Moreover, the study highlights the need for gaining more in-depth insight into the work-stress phenomenon proactively so that the effectiveness of intervention strategies might be assured.

ACS Style

Aftab Ahmad; Amjad Hussain; Asif Mahmood; Ayyaz Ahmad; Amir Ikram; Shagufta Yasmin. Quantifying the Consequences of Perceived Stress in the Textile and Clothing Sector through Structural Equation Modelling. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021, 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Aftab Ahmad, Amjad Hussain, Asif Mahmood, Ayyaz Ahmad, Amir Ikram, Shagufta Yasmin. Quantifying the Consequences of Perceived Stress in the Textile and Clothing Sector through Structural Equation Modelling. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2021; 2021 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aftab Ahmad; Amjad Hussain; Asif Mahmood; Ayyaz Ahmad; Amir Ikram; Shagufta Yasmin. 2021. "Quantifying the Consequences of Perceived Stress in the Textile and Clothing Sector through Structural Equation Modelling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The notion of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been around for many decades. However, even in 2021, its spectrum is still evolving. Several studies addressed CSR for realizing different organizational outcomes. However, its significance in achieving employee-related consequences is relatively new to the literature. In the same manner, it is not clear from existing literature how ethical leaders can impact their followers’ CSR-related behavior, for example, employee pro-environmental behavior (EPB). With this background, the current study aims to explore the relationship of CSR at the employee level (CSR-E) with EPB through the mediating effect of ethical leadership (ELS) in the healthcare sector of a developing economy. This study also proposes a conditional indirect effect of quality of work-life (QWL) in this relationship. The data for the current study were obtained from different hospitals located in a large city through a self-administered questionnaire. The data were examined through the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The results validated that CSR-E positively influences EPB, and ELS partially mediates this relationship. Furthermore, the results also confirmed the presence of the conditional indirect effect of QWL in the proposed relationship of the current study. These findings will be helpful for healthcare policymakers to enhance the pro-environmental behavior of employees at the workplace through CSR-E and ELS. These results will also be helpful in reducing the overall environmental footprint of a hospital.

ACS Style

Edina Molnár; Asif Mahmood; Naveed Ahmad; Amir Ikram; Shah Murtaza. The Interplay between Corporate Social Responsibility at Employee Level, Ethical Leadership, Quality of Work Life and Employee Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Case of Healthcare Organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4521 .

AMA Style

Edina Molnár, Asif Mahmood, Naveed Ahmad, Amir Ikram, Shah Murtaza. The Interplay between Corporate Social Responsibility at Employee Level, Ethical Leadership, Quality of Work Life and Employee Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Case of Healthcare Organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edina Molnár; Asif Mahmood; Naveed Ahmad; Amir Ikram; Shah Murtaza. 2021. "The Interplay between Corporate Social Responsibility at Employee Level, Ethical Leadership, Quality of Work Life and Employee Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Case of Healthcare Organizations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4521.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2021 in Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity
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Branding activities provide space to create internal culture, processes and a kind of organizational system which allows employees to use their abilities to their maximum. Internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of an organization increase employee commitment, which ultimately enhances employee retention. There is a need to explore internal branding in relation to internal CSR for the sake of managing employee retention. Therefore, the study empirically examines the underlying associations among internal branding, employee retention and internal CSR. The data are collected from higher education institutions operating in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size was 377 faculties belonging to both private and public sector higher education institutions. The analysis is based on variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that the internal branding practices have a significant impact on employee’s intention to stay within the organization, and intrasample analysis suggests few comprehensible variations with respect to private and public academic institutions. The research article also provides insights to faculty, academic entrepreneurs and marketers, especially those belonging to developing countries and facing issues of branding and employee retention.

ACS Style

Amir Ikram; Muhammad Fiaz; Asif Mahmood; Ayyaz Ahmad; Rafiya Ashfaq. Internal Corporate Responsibility as a Legitimacy Strategy for Branding and Employee Retention: A Perspective of Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2021, 7, 52 .

AMA Style

Amir Ikram, Muhammad Fiaz, Asif Mahmood, Ayyaz Ahmad, Rafiya Ashfaq. Internal Corporate Responsibility as a Legitimacy Strategy for Branding and Employee Retention: A Perspective of Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2021; 7 (1):52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Ikram; Muhammad Fiaz; Asif Mahmood; Ayyaz Ahmad; Rafiya Ashfaq. 2021. "Internal Corporate Responsibility as a Legitimacy Strategy for Branding and Employee Retention: A Perspective of Higher Education Institutions." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1: 52.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity
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Considering the universal competitive pressures, it is imperative for the organizations to be more dynamic and innovative. The viability of companies is dependent on innovation and organizational culture is regarded as an important component in realizing the objective of product innovation. The study examines the association between ambidextrous organizational culture and product innovation outcomes through mediation of contextual ambidexterity. By pursuing the snowball sampling technique, pre-established structural questionnaires were distributed among the top management of IT and Telecom sector, 125 valid questionnaires were considered for data analysis purpose. The collected data was analyzed using Smart PLS software and measurement model was assessed with respect to reliability and validity. Structural model was assessed for hypothesis testing using bootstrapping technique. Results indicated that organizational diversity significantly and positively affect new product innovation outcomes i.e., incremental, radical product innovation, and speed to market, whereas shared vision positively affect incremental product innovation. Indirect effects results indicated that significant positive partial mediation of contextual ambidexterity exists between organizational diversity and new product innovation outcomes, i.e., radical innovation and speed to market. Whereas full and significant positive mediation role of contextual ambidexterity exists between shared vision and new product innovation outcomes i.e., radical innovation outcomes and speed to market. At last, no significant mediation role of contextual ambidexterity exists between organizational diversity and incremental innovation outcomes.

ACS Style

Fiaz Muhammad; Amir Ikram; Syed Khurram Jafri; Kanwal Naveed. Product Innovations through Ambidextrous Organizational Culture with Mediating Effect of Contextual Ambidexterity: An Empirical Study of IT and Telecom Firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2020, 7, 9 .

AMA Style

Fiaz Muhammad, Amir Ikram, Syed Khurram Jafri, Kanwal Naveed. Product Innovations through Ambidextrous Organizational Culture with Mediating Effect of Contextual Ambidexterity: An Empirical Study of IT and Telecom Firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2020; 7 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fiaz Muhammad; Amir Ikram; Syed Khurram Jafri; Kanwal Naveed. 2020. "Product Innovations through Ambidextrous Organizational Culture with Mediating Effect of Contextual Ambidexterity: An Empirical Study of IT and Telecom Firms." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1: 9.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity
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In today’s hyper-competitive manufacturing world, the rapidly changing landscape has put new demands on organizations, and they need to reinvent themselves by injecting new strategies in order to stay ahead of the competition. Therefore, to achieve world-class performance and competitiveness in the global environment and competition, there is immense pressure on manufacturing organizations with limited resources to invariably pursue main drivers to enable them to improve process innovation. In this backdrop, this questionnaire-based study investigates the impact of various enabling practices on process innovation of manufacturing organizations. The questionnaire package included scales of lean manufacturing (LM), organizational culture (OC), human resource management (HRM), total quality management (TQM), supply chain management (SCM) and process innovation (PI). The data were collected through convenient sampling technique from presidents, CEO’s, directors, managers and senior supervisors of different functional areas of large-scale organizations. The theoretical model was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) through AMOS®. The key findings revealed positive and significant relationships of LM, HRM and OC as drivers with TQM and SCM. The results also demonstrated affirmative and significant associations of TQM and SCM with PI. Similarly, the outcomes indicated that TQM and SCM, as carriers, partially mediate the relationships of LM, HRM and OC with PI. Overall, the findings elucidate the imperativeness for manufacturing organizations to reinforce their mediators (TQM and SCM practices) while effectively implementing LM, HRM and OC practices as drivers of PI. The study has important implications for the organizations seeking to determine the relative importance of various practices as an effective source of process innovation.

ACS Style

Asif Arshad Ali; Asif Mahmood; Amir Ikram; Ayyaz Ahmad. Configuring the Drivers and Carriers of Process Innovation in Manufacturing Organizations. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2020, 6, 154 .

AMA Style

Asif Arshad Ali, Asif Mahmood, Amir Ikram, Ayyaz Ahmad. Configuring the Drivers and Carriers of Process Innovation in Manufacturing Organizations. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2020; 6 (4):154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asif Arshad Ali; Asif Mahmood; Amir Ikram; Ayyaz Ahmad. 2020. "Configuring the Drivers and Carriers of Process Innovation in Manufacturing Organizations." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4: 154.

Research article
Published: 15 January 2020 in SAGE Open
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The purpose is to explore whether the CEO’s personal and professional attributes affect corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure or not in particular context of Pakistan. This article attempts to bridge this gap using the data set of 1,790 firm-year observations comprising of firms listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange. For this purpose, the logistic regression technique is employed while taking CEO personal and professional attributes as explanatory variables and CSR disclosure as the dependent variable. Results indicate that firm size and CSR disclosure has a positive relationship. The outcomes based on binary logistic regression demonstrate that CEO ownership has a negative impact, whereas CEO tenure, CEO education, CEO age, and CEO compensation are the variables that have a positive impact on CSR disclosure. In addition, duality, ownership, and gender of the CEO are found to be insignificant. Evidence on CEO demographics and their impact on disclosure choice might be helpful for policymakers and regulators. This study lacks generalization due to the unique setting of Pakistan. Our research contributes to the body of knowledge containing upper echelons theory in several ways. First, it answers the call for an extension of research toward social responsibility disclosures and individual’s traits impact on it. Second, our study adds to the scarce literature available on CSR research and practices in developing countries. Third, it is one of the first quantitative studies in the specific context of Pakistan as data for these variables is not available in organized form publicly.

ACS Style

Fizzah Malik; Fangjun Wang; Muhammad Akram Naseem; Amir Ikram; Shahid Ali. Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Related to CEO Attributes: An Empirical Study. SAGE Open 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Fizzah Malik, Fangjun Wang, Muhammad Akram Naseem, Amir Ikram, Shahid Ali. Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Related to CEO Attributes: An Empirical Study. SAGE Open. 2020; 10 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fizzah Malik; Fangjun Wang; Muhammad Akram Naseem; Amir Ikram; Shahid Ali. 2020. "Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Related to CEO Attributes: An Empirical Study." SAGE Open 10, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in European J. of International Management
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ACS Style

Ramiz Rehman; Amir Ikram; Sara Majid; Muhammad Akram Naseem. Investigating the effect of eco-efficiency actions on the performance of European small and medium enterprises. European J. of International Management 2020, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Ramiz Rehman, Amir Ikram, Sara Majid, Muhammad Akram Naseem. Investigating the effect of eco-efficiency actions on the performance of European small and medium enterprises. European J. of International Management. 2020; 1 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramiz Rehman; Amir Ikram; Sara Majid; Muhammad Akram Naseem. 2020. "Investigating the effect of eco-efficiency actions on the performance of European small and medium enterprises." European J. of International Management 1, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2019 in Sustainability
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This study investigates the relationship between sub-national institutional contingencies and corporate social responsibility performance (CSRP). Sub-national institutional contingencies (SNICs) play a moderating role in the link between CSRP and corporate financial performance (CFP). Using data from all A-share Chinese companies listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai exchanges for the period 2010 to 2015, ordinary least square (OLS) regression was used as a baseline methodology to draw inferences from the data. The study uses propensity score matching (PSM) to confirm the robustness and to tackle the possible issue of endogeneity. We find reliable evidence that SNICs have a positive and significant effect on CSRP. This positive relationship is more pronounced in cross-listed companies as compared to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and in companies located in the more developed region. Moreover, SNICs moderate the positive relationship between CSRP and CFP. The relationship is stronger in firms that are non-SOEs, are non-cross-listed, and are from less-developed regions as compared to their counterparts. The findings provide implications for regulators and individual companies. Investment in corporate social responsibility (CSR) helps companies to achieve their primary objective (i.e., financial performance). With respect to practical implications, the study indicates that policymakers, executives, and managers should refrain from “one size fits all” CSR policies. Instead, they need to simultaneously evaluate the effects of regional development, cross-listing, and ownership characteristics. Considering weak social performance by firms that are from less developed regions, are non-cross-listed, and that are non-SOEs, policymakers and the government should improve information transparency and the regulatory framework, and provide these firms with incentives. This study also provides insights for other emerging economies, especially those going through extraordinary government interventions.

ACS Style

Shahid Ali; Junrui Zhang; Muhammad Usman; Farman Ullah Khan; Amir Ikram; Bilal Anwar. Sub-National Institutional Contingencies and Corporate Social Responsibility Performance: Evidence from China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5478 .

AMA Style

Shahid Ali, Junrui Zhang, Muhammad Usman, Farman Ullah Khan, Amir Ikram, Bilal Anwar. Sub-National Institutional Contingencies and Corporate Social Responsibility Performance: Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahid Ali; Junrui Zhang; Muhammad Usman; Farman Ullah Khan; Amir Ikram; Bilal Anwar. 2019. "Sub-National Institutional Contingencies and Corporate Social Responsibility Performance: Evidence from China." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5478.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2018 in Administrative Sciences
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perception of healthcare professionals in improving the quality of services in healthcare centers by deploying the platform of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Individual attributes, organizational impression, information, and the system quality of ERP have been used to evaluate the overall influence of integrated planning systems on health care service quality. A mixed methods approach is used to collect and examine data through triangulation. Data for the empirical study was collected from 279 medical professionals of five healthcare organizations operating in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics squared multiple correlations and reliability coefficients were used as data analysis tools. Moreover, the goodness of fit test of the structural model was conducted through AMOS 20. All given dimensions of ERP are postulated to have a positive effect on healthcare service quality. The results reveal that the use of an enterprise planning system has a positive impact on individuals, organizational information quality, and system quality in healthcare services. The study further concludes that a well implemented ‘Enterprise Resource Planning System’ results in better system output and enables healthcare professionals to provide better healthcare service quality.

ACS Style

Muhammad Fiaz; Amir Ikram; Asad Ilyas. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Digitization of Healthcare Service Quality. Administrative Sciences 2018, 8, 38 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Fiaz, Amir Ikram, Asad Ilyas. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Digitization of Healthcare Service Quality. Administrative Sciences. 2018; 8 (3):38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Fiaz; Amir Ikram; Asad Ilyas. 2018. "Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Digitization of Healthcare Service Quality." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 3: 38.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2018 in Benchmarking: An International Journal
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the characteristic role of specialized markets and traders in the internationalization of emerging economies by examining the linkages between supply chain management (SCM) and industrial clustering in China. Design/methodology/approach Multi-method approach was employed as primary data were collected from a case study of Shaoxing textile cluster, and was supplemented with secondary data to triangulate the findings. The proposition that competitive advantages of industrial clusters facilitate effective SCM was explored. Findings The authors reveal that China’s cost advantage is manifested in the entire value chain. The provision of business friendly amenities as a result of synergetic benefits of vertical and horizontal integration of supply clusters promotes competitiveness of SMEs and region as a whole. Moreover, specialized markets and international traders found to play significant role in sustainable cluster development. Research limitations/implications As with fieldwork and case studies, generalization should be drawn with care. Systematic synthesis of relevant case studies is recommended. Practical implications The study endorses the construction of local supply chains and suggests implementation of cluster strategy by focusing on environment-specific execution of triple helix model. Originality/value The article elaborates the linkages between cluster theory and SCM both within cluster and between interspersed clusters. It also explains how specialized markets and global players are enabling concentrated supply networks. The paper recommends extension of “Triple helix + 1 model” by making local community part of the underlying framework.

ACS Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz; Ramiz Ur Rehman. Cluster strategy and supply chain management. Benchmarking: An International Journal 2018, 25, 1302 -1318.

AMA Style

Amir Ikram, Qin Su, Muhammad Fiaz, Ramiz Ur Rehman. Cluster strategy and supply chain management. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2018; 25 (5):1302-1318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz; Ramiz Ur Rehman. 2018. "Cluster strategy and supply chain management." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 5: 1302-1318.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in International Journal of Business Performance Management
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The study examines the linkage between profitability and working capital management of private sector power producers of Pakistan. The energy crisis resulted in increased reliance on independent power producers (IPPs), which lead to various financial irregularities. Data for a period of seven years (2008-2014) was collected from 11 IPPs listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange descriptive analysis, ANOVA, and regression analysis, along with trend analysis and other diagnostic tests, were deployed to examine the association between five working capital ratios and net operating profit. Net trading cycle, current assets and current liabilities were found to exhibit significant relationship with profitability of IPPs. The findings suggest that the persistent problem of circular debt can be minimised through supply chain excellence, which can be realised through vigilant selection of suppliers and vendors on the part of private power producers. Since working capital management significantly influences the performance of IPPs, the study persuades undertaking of taking corrective measures before pursing long-term goals of installing new units. Dynamic business model is recommended that enhances collaboration and brings financial viability to the power sector.

ACS Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz. Pakistan's persistent energy crisis and performance of private power producers. International Journal of Business Performance Management 2018, 19, 237 .

AMA Style

Amir Ikram, Qin Su, Muhammad Fiaz. Pakistan's persistent energy crisis and performance of private power producers. International Journal of Business Performance Management. 2018; 19 (2):237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz. 2018. "Pakistan's persistent energy crisis and performance of private power producers." International Journal of Business Performance Management 19, no. 2: 237.

Conference paper
Published: 01 March 2017 in 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA)(
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Technological advancements and growth of social media prompted organizations to deploy better ways of doing business. Social big data analytics provide a platform to facilitate the job seekers and job providers. The study highlights the significance of social networking sites and its role in transforming traditional recruitment strategy. The transitioning to e-recruitment signifies the importance of social networking sites as a source of recruitment mix. Primary data was collected through questionnaire from 110 employees of commercial banks operating in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Simple random sampling technique and willingness to participate on the part of respondents generated productive findings. Cronbach's alpha, descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and regression analysis were used as data analysis tools to endorse reliability of data collection and test hypotheses. Information quality, popularity, and security of social media found to have significant impact on the effectiveness of e-recruitment. The findings of the research suggest that big data applications not only results in better business performance management, but also enhances accessibility and reputation of the enterprise through cyber-social media. Management issues of social network big data with respect to HR managers, IT professionals and academia are also discussed.

ACS Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz; Sahar Khadim. Big data in enterprise management: Transformation of traditional recruitment strategy. 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA)( 2017, 414 -419.

AMA Style

Amir Ikram, Qin Su, Muhammad Fiaz, Sahar Khadim. Big data in enterprise management: Transformation of traditional recruitment strategy. 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA)(. 2017; ():414-419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Fiaz; Sahar Khadim. 2017. "Big data in enterprise management: Transformation of traditional recruitment strategy." 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA)( , no. : 414-419.

Article
Published: 01 January 2016 in The Journal of Developing Areas
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Steel and its production has now become an important ingredient for the economy of emerging countries. In this process, it is also very important to develop sophisticated forecast techniques for steel production in order to determine the real growth rate of an economy. Especially in South Asia where steel and its production, is one of the largest segment of the economy. Majority population of this region has associated directly or indirectly with steel industry. Inspite the importance of steel for this region, no conclusive research work has done related to this issue. This study investigates the forecasts of steel production in Pakistan for the first time, which is an important emerging economy of the South Asian region. Prediction is an important topic in finance and economics which has spurred the interest of researchers over the years to develop better predictive models. The auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models have been explored in literature for time series prediction. This paper presents extensive process of building stock price predictive model using the ARIMA model.This paper forecasts steel production by using different time series ARIMA models. A data set of steel production of Pakistan from 1972 -2010 is used for the analysis. Different diagnostic tests are applied in order to check the adequacy of the fitted models. The results show that ARIMA (1,1,4) is suitable model for prediction of steel production in this case. It is concluded that model- 3 of this study is the best model to forecast the production of steel in Pakistan. After checking all the test it is come to know that the data is stationary at first difference and AR(1), MA(1), MA(2), MA(3) and MA(4) with first order is suitable for forecasting the production of steel. The forecasted values obtained from model- 3 are closer to the actual values as compared to the other model. The forecasted value of 2014 show that the production of steel in that particular year appeared to be least as compared to the production during the last five years. These results suggest that the policy makers and planning division of the country must give attention toward this matter and try to find out the reasons of low productivity of steel in the country. It is also an opportunity for the policy makers to develop policies which may help the steel production in future.

ACS Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Yasir Rafiq; Ramiz- Ur- Rehman. Time series modelling for steel production. The Journal of Developing Areas 2016, 50, 191 -207.

AMA Style

Amir Ikram, Qin Su, Muhammad Yasir Rafiq, Ramiz- Ur- Rehman. Time series modelling for steel production. The Journal of Developing Areas. 2016; 50 (3):191-207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Ikram; Qin Su; Muhammad Yasir Rafiq; Ramiz- Ur- Rehman. 2016. "Time series modelling for steel production." The Journal of Developing Areas 50, no. 3: 191-207.