Millets are a group of small-seeded grains cultivated for centuries as staple food crops in many parts of the world. In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in millet due to its exceptional nutritional and health benefits. Millets are rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also gluten-free and have a low glycemic index, making them suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance or diabetes. Studies have shown that regular millet consumption can contribute to several health benefits. The high fiber content in millet aids digestion, prevents constipation, and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. Millets reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The antioxidants in millet help to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying factors in various conditions. Furthermore, millet has a positive impact on weight management. The combination of high fiber and low glycemic index in millets promotes satiety, regulates blood sugar levels, and helps to maintain a healthy body weight. Additionally, millet has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In conclusion, millet offers a wide range of nutritional and health benefits. Their nutrient density, gluten-free nature, and low glycemic index make them valuable in a balanced diet. Incorporating millet into regular meals can contribute to improved overall health and well-being. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of millets and their specific health effects on different populations. This review discussed the various involved government bodies and their dietary guidelines. Policy development and dietary guidelines play a crucial role in promoting millet consumption.

Background. Insulin, commonly used for diabetes treatment, needs better ways to improve its effectiveness and safety due to its challenges with poor permeability and stability. Various system has been developed for oral peptide delivery. The non-targeted system can prevent gastric and enzymatic degradation of peptides but cannot increase the bulk transport of peptides across the membrane. However, the non-selectivity is the limitation of the existing system. Numerous carbohydrate-binding receptors overexpressed on intestinal macrophage cells (M-cells) of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. It is the most desirable site for receptor-mediated endocytosis and lymphatic drug delivery of peptides. Objective. The prime objective of the study was to fabricate mannose ligand conjugated nanoparticles (MNPs) employing a quality-by-design approach to address permeability challenges after oral administration. Herein, the study’s secondary objective of this study is to identify the influencing factor for producing quality products. Considering this objective, the Lymphatic uptake of NPs was selected as a quality target product profile (QTPP), and a systematic study was conducted to identify the critical formulation attributes (CFAs) and critical process parameters (CPP) influencing critical quality attributes (CQAs). Mannosylated Chitosan concentrations (MCs) and TPP concentrations were identified as CFAs, and stirring speed was identified as CPP. Methods. MNPs were prepared by the inotropic gelation method and filled into the enteric-coated capsule to protect from acidic environments. The effect of CFAs and CPP on responses like particle size (X) and entrapment (Y) was observed by Box-Behnken design (BBD). ANOVA statistically evaluated the result to confirm a significant level (p < 0.05). The optimal conditions of NPs were obtained by constructing an overlay plot and determining the desirability value. HPLC and zeta-seizer analysis characterized the lyophilized NPs. Cell-line studies were performed to confirm the safety and M-cell targeting of NPs to enhance Insulin oral bioavailability. Results. The morphology of NPs was revealed by SEM. The developed NPs showed a nearly oval shape with the average size, surface potential, and % drug entrapment were 245.52 ± 3.37 nm, 22.12 ± 2.13 mV, and 76.15 ± 1.3%, respectively. MTT assay result exhibited that MNPs safe and Confocal imaging inference that NPs selectively uptake by the M-cell. Conclusion. BBD experimental design enables the effective formulation of optimized NPs. The statistical analysis estimated a clear assessment of the significance of the process and formulation variable. Cell line study confirms that NPs are safe and effectively uptake by the cell.

Oral Glucose-Responsive Nanocarrier System for Management of Diabetes

Background: Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder that is an incurable clinical condition. It requires lifelong therapy for its management along with long terms application of synthetic drugs associated with severe toxicity in multiple organs. However, the therapeutic application of herbal medicines to treat hypertension has gained considerable attention. The limitations and hurdles associated with conventional plant extract medications are their safety, efficacy, dose, and unknown biological activity. Objective: In the modern era, the active phytoconstituent-based formulation has come into trend. Various extraction techniques have been reported to extract and isolate active phytoconstituents. Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical, and quantitative analytical methods were developed for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The passage of time and changes in lifestyle also modulate the variable cause of hypertension. Single-drug-based approach therapy cannot efficiently control the cause of hypertension. Designing a potent herbal formulation with different active constituents and modes of action against hypertension is necessary to effectively manage hypertension. Method: This review comprises a selection of three different plants, Boerhavia diffusa, Rauwolfia Serpentina, and Elaeocarpus ganitrus exhibiting antihypertension activity. Result: The objective behind selecting individual plants is their active constituents which have different mechanisms of action for the treatment of hypertension. This review comprises the various extraction methods of the active phytoconstituents and pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical, and quantitative analysis parameters, respectively. It also lists active phytoconstituents present in plants and the different pharmacological modes of action. Selected plant extracts have different antihypertensive mechanisms. Extract of Boerhavia diffusa consisting of Liriodendron & Syringaresnol mono β-D-Glucosidase exhibit Ca2+ channel antagonistic activity; where Reserpine is a phytoconstituent of Rauwolfia serpentina, which depletes catecholamine, Ajmalin shows an antiarrhythmic effect by blocking the sodium channel and the aqueous extract of E. ganitrus seeds reduces mean arterial blood pressure by inhibiting the ACE enzyme. Conclusion: It has been revealed that poly-herbal formulation of respective phytoconstituent can be used as potent antihypertensive medicine to treat hypertension effectively.

An ever-growing global concern is the degradation and pollution of natural resources, including soil, air, and water, mostly brought about by human activity. All organisms feel the immediate and long-term effects of environmental pollution; hence, finding ways to encounter this problem is a top priority of researchers and environmental activists. It is widely believed that engineered nanomaterials (ENs) are significantly impacting the field of environmental science and engineering, as it stands now. Nanoscale science has generated innovative and economical technology for various ecological problems, including catalytic degradation, adsorptive elimination, and pollutant recognition. ENs refer to a class of materials that exhibit diverse characteristics beyond those of their constituents. These materials can demonstrate exceptional mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, and catalytic capabilities. They have distinctive properties that make them ideal for use in numerous industrial and technological applications, including but not limited to energy storage, biomedical engineering, and environmental remediation. This chapter will explore the synthesis and applications of ENs. The chapter summarizes the potential role of ENs in detecting industrial pollutants and the impact of ENs on the energy, electronics, chemical, and space industries. Additionally, we will discuss practical healthcare applications and plans to expand these ENs. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

The objective of research work was to development and evaluation of curcumin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), based topical dosage form for the treatment of facial wrinkles. Curcumin was selected as a hydrophobic model drug since it has been reported as potent anti-oxidizing and as an anti-wrinkle agent. Hence curcumin drug was selected as anti-wrinkle agent for the treatment of wrinkles. The MSN were prepared with tetraethyl ortho silicate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (as surfactant). The prepared MSN were characterized by using particle size analysis, scanning electron microscope, Xrd, FTIR and porosimetry. The MSN was found to be biocompatible chemically & thermally stable nanoparticles. The curcumin extract was loaded into MSN and incorporated into cream. In-vitro release study of curcumin-loaded MSN system was compared with marketed formulation and was found the curcumin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) showed good antioxidant activity and batter % cumulative drug release. The % cumulative drug release of curcumin-loaded MSN was found to be 88% at pH 5.5 and 85% at pH 7.4 respectively. Revealed that after incorporation of curcumin into MSN, the drug release rate was found increased. The properties of curcumin-loaded MSN strongly advocate its good feature for delivery of anti-wrinkles drug. The prepared curcumin-loaded MSN seem to have potential carrier for use as a topical drug delivery.