The corticioid fungi are a cosmopolitan group and show a rich diversity, growing in the vegetation of boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. Xylodon daii sp. nov. was found in the Yunnan Province, China, which suggested here to be new fungal species in light of their morphology and phylogeny. Xylodon daii has a coriaceous basidiomata with a hydnoid hymenophore and a monomitic hyphal system having generative hyphae with clamp connections, and ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores measuring as 4–5.2 × 2.8–3.5 µm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic studies, the ITS+nLSU analysis of the order Hymenochaetales indicated that, at the generic level, six genera, (i.e., Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Lyomyces, Kneiffiella and Xylodon) were accommodated the members of Hyphodontia sensu lato, and the genus Xylodon grouped with Lyomyces within the Hymenochaetales. According to a further analysis of the ITS dataset, X. daii was nested into the genus Xylodon, in which it was retrieved as a sister to X. pseudotropicus.

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Cerioporus yunnanensis, Perenniporiopsis sinensis, and Sarcoporia yunnanensis, are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Cerioporus yunnanensis is characterized by the pileate basidiomata having a fawn brown to black pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusoid cystidioles and cylindrical basidiospores (9–12.5 × 3.5–5 µm). Perenniporiopsis sinensis is distinct from the osseous pileus with verrucose, an orange-yellow to dark reddish-brown pileal surface with a cream margin, a trimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusiform cystidioles and ellipsoid basidiospores (9–11 × 5.5–6.5 µm). Sarcoporia yunnanensis is typical of the pileate basidiomata with a salmon to reddish-brown pileal surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.5 × 2.5–4 µm). Sequences of ITS + nLSU + mt-SSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The multiple genes with six loci analysis showed that the three new species nested within the order Polyporales, in which C. yunnanensis and P. sinensis nested into the family Polyporaceae, and S. yunnanensis grouped into the family Sarcoporiaceae.

A new corticioid fungus from Guizhou Province in southwest China, Asterostroma rhizomorpharum, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular evidence. It is characterized by producing annual, resupinate basidiomata with long rhizomorphs, a dimitic hyphal structure with simple septa on generative hyphae, asterosetae frequently present in subiculum, asterohyphidia present in hymenium, ellipsoid to subglobose, and echinulate and amyloid basidiospores (5.5–6.8 × 4.6–5.9 μm). The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS+nLSU rDNA sequences shows that the new species belongs to the section Asterostroma.

In this present study, three new wood-inhabiting fungal taxa, Hyphoderma niveomarginatum, H. sordidum and H. weishanense, are proposed. Hyphoderma niveomarginatum is characterized by the ceraceous basidiomata having a smooth, cracking hymenial surface and the presence of the moniliform cystidia and ellipsoid basidiospores (7–9 × 3.5–5 µm). Hyphoderma sordidum is characterized by its resupinate basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface with the fimbriate margin, the presence of the tubular cystidia and ellipsoid basidiospores (3–4.5 × 2–3 µm). Hyphoderma weishanense differs in its membranous basidiomata with a slightly buff to buff hymenial surface and the presence of broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5–8.5 × 4–7 µm). Sequences of ITS+nLSU+mt-SSU+RPB1+RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using three methods. The ITS+nLSU+mt-SSU+RPB1+RPB2 analysis of the genus Hyphoderma indicated that the 3 new species of Hyphoderma were nested into genus Hyphoderma, in which H. niveomarginatum formed a single group and then grouped with H. membranaceum and H. sinense; H. sordidum was a sister to H. nudicephalum; and H. weishanense closely grouped with H. crystallinum.

Wood-decaying fungi represent a vital group of higher fungi that drive the cycling of matter and energy in forest ecosystems, and they have been the focus of thorough investigation. In this study, five new species, viz. Botryobasidium daweishanense, Inonotus subglobisporum, Kneiffiella bubalina, Xylodon granulanoides, and X. granulans from China, are described and illustrated based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses, in which the sequences of ITS+nLSU genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogeny revealed that the Botryobasidium daweishanense groups with three taxa, viz., B. intertextum, B. leptocystidiatum, and B. subcoronatum. Inonotus subglobisporum is closely related to I. radiatus. Kneiffiella bubalina clustered sister to K. subalutacea. Xylodon granulanoides and X. granulans have a close relationship with X. bambusinus, X. fissuratus, X. subclavatus, X. montanus, and X. wenshanensis. Additionally, Xylodon granulanoides and X. granulans clustered together. Botryobasidium daweishanense is characterized by an araneose hymenial surface, fusiform, and cyanophilous basidiospores (6.1–7.3 × 3.3–3.9 μm). Inonotus subglobisporum is characterized by perennial basidiomata with lateral stipes, polygon pores measuring 4–6 per mm, and subglobose, cyanophilous basidiospores (3.6–4.3 × 2.8–3.5 μm). Kneiffiella bubalina is characterized by cream basidiomata and cylindrical to slightly allantoid basidiospores (8.0–8.9 × 1.8–2.3 μm). Xylodon granulanoides is characterized by grandinioid hymenial surfaces, various cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores (4.7–5.3 × 3.6–4.1 μm). Xylodon granulans is characterized by grandinioid hymenial surfaces, capitate and clavate cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (3.8–4.2 × 2.9–3.3 μm). Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU) shows that the four species are members of Hymenochaetales, and one belongs to Cantharellales. All five new species are compared with morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species. The present study contributes to understanding the species diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeny of macrofungi in Southwestern China.

Four new fungi from Xizang in southwest China, Calocera ramaria, Ceraceomyces rhizomorphus, Leptosporomyces linzhiensis, and Ramaria xizangensis are described and illustrated based on the morphological and molecular evidence. Calocera ramaria is characterized by the ramal and bright orange basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa generative hyphae, usually 4-septate basidiospores; Ceraceomyces rhizomorphus is characterized by the cream to yellowish basidiomata with rhizomorphs, cylindrical basidiospores; Leptosporomyces linzhiensis is characterized by white with pink basidiomata, cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores; Ramaria xizangensis is characterized by flesh pink basidiomata, branched dichotomously in 4–5 ranks, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, ellipsoid to cylindrical and densely warted basidiospores.