To provide secure communication, the authentication-and-key-agreement scheme plays a vital role in multi-server environments, Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), etc. This scheme enables users and servers to negotiate for a common session initiation key. Our proposal first analyzes Amin et al.’s authentication scheme based on RSA and proves that it cannot provide perfect forward secrecy and user un-traceability, and is susceptible to offline password guessing attack and key-compromise user impersonation attack. Secondly, we provide that Srinivas et al.’s multi-server authentication scheme is not secured against offline password guessing attack and key-compromise user impersonation attack, and is unable to ensure user un-traceability. To remedy such limitations and improve computational efficiency, we present a multi-server two-factor authentication scheme using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). Subsequently, employing heuristic analysis and Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (BAN-Logic) proof, it is proven that the presented scheme provides security against all known attacks, and in particular provides user un-traceability and perfect forward security. Finally, appropriate comparisons with prevalent works demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of the presented solution in multi-server environments.

At present, China's urban and rural construction, national security, emergency and disaster relief have put forward higher and faster requirements for high-quality and current maps. How to use the latest spatial database in the shortest possible time to produce and provide high-quality, highly presentable, content-rich maps is an urgent issue. In this paper, we study the rapid mapping technology based on GIS platform and map mapping software, study the automatic map mapping method under AI environment, design and develop the spatial basic geographic database-driven rapid mapping system, realize the automatic lossless conversion of GIS data to map mapping software according to the established mapping rule base, realize the automatic configuration of symbols and annotations, and realize the automation of processing of element relationship. The AI-based database-driven rapid mapping technology has been used in the practice of map compilation in prefecture-level cities, replacing most of the manual repetitive operations, greatly improving the efficiency of map compilation, and enhancing the capacity of emergency mapping services.

The China–Europe Railway Express (CRE) plays a crucial role in promoting local economic development and bolstering regional connectivity. Quantitative assessments of urban changes along the CRE are essential for understanding its influence on the local eco-environment and the economy, which is a cornerstone for fostering sustainable growth. Urban boundaries are vital indicators of city development; however, accurately extracting these boundaries over multiple years at a large scale and fine granularity remains challenging. On the basis of a global impervious surface area (GISA2) dataset from 2010 to 2019, this study extracted fine-scaled city boundaries annually for European countries and analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in areas along and not along the express during the past decade. The generated enhanced urban boundaries (EUBs) show strong agreement with the Landsat time-series data and align well with existing global urban time-series products (GUB, GAUD, and NTL). From 2010 to 2019, urban areas and clusters expanded across the entire region, with notable disparities observed between areas along the express (noted as ON-CRE) and those not along (noted as OFF-CRE). ON-CRE cities experienced more substantial urban growth near the express, resulting in new mega urban agglomerations and expansion in small and moderate cities. In contrast, most OFF-CRE cities exhibited stable development with limited urban sprawl. Dynamic proportions of the impervious surface area (ISA) within the EUB indicated more compact impervious areas within ON-CRE boundaries compared to OFF-CRE. This study contributes to understanding urban expansions driven by the long-term CRE operations. The EUB dataset developed herein provides a valuable resource for future investigations into the impacts of urbanization on biotic stress and urban health in European countries, thus supporting the achievement of sustainable development goals.

The functional differences among various components of a city drive the circulation of logistics, human flows, and energy flows within the city. Qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing the spatial interactions among urban functional districts contributes to understanding the spatial structure of it and formulating more efficient urban planning strategies. Based on taxi trips, this paper compares spatial interactions between the Xudong Commercial District and the Zhongnan Road Commercial District in Wuhan, respectively, with other functional districts. Firstly, the spatial interaction based on taxi trips between these two commercial districts, acting as either the origins or destinations for taxi trips, with various functional districts was visualized. Subsequently, we analyzed the intensity and distance of the spatial interactions based on taxi trips during each typical time period (8:00-9:00, 18:00-19:00, and 20:00-21:00 on weekdays; and 9:00-10:00, 19:00-20:00, and 22:00-23:00 on weekends). These results can serve as reference for further research on the influence range, development planning, and transportation optimization of these commercial districts.

From 2000 to 2020, three versions of the 30-meter global land cover data products (GlobeLand30) have been made accessible to the public. The dataset with 30-meter spatial resolution and 10-year temporal resolution are widely used for monitoring environment changes and resource management at global, regional and local scales. By analysing and extracting information and knowledge from the GlobeLand30 data, we have planned and designed a global land cover knowledge atlas, which aims to expand the available knowledge base for scientific research, management decision-making, and knowledge dissemination.