Cultural routes are a composite set of heritage sites that refer to historical routes of human communication. As key products of cultural tourism, they provide visitors with rich cultural experiences across regions. We systematically review reports and studies related to the tourism development of 38 cultural route cases worldwide, with a special focus on their distribution, typology, planning patterns, and tools for cultural tourism. We summarized eight tools and found some differences in how often these eight tools are used by the different types of routes and different planning patterns for route tourism. This study also developed an evaluation system based on the conservation principles of cultural routes to determine how different tourism tools affect the conservation and development of historical regions. Although tourism decision-makers have made numerous efforts to protect and develop cultural routes, there are still many problems and challenges in the process of tourism development along cultural routes. We conclude the paper by making recommendations for decision-makers and researchers concerning future route tourism planning and study.

In smart home projects, building data management at the design stage increasingly relies on digital-twin assets delivered via game engines. Without a clear governance workflow, however, these practices tend to generate non-standard building data on the consumption side, causing broken data chains and increasing construction and management risks. To address this problem, this study proposes a traceability-oriented governance workflow that strengthens IfcGUID compliance and automatically detects and converts inconsistent digital-twin assets into IFC-compliant, auditable data, thereby reducing data chain breakage and improving cross-system traceability in building data management. The workflow uses IfcGUID as a cross-system primary key and is evaluated in a virtual smart home project through a pre-test–repair–post-test experiment at the design stage. We examine four indicators of IfcGUID quality—completeness, validity, uniqueness, and stability—together with a bridge recognition rate that reflects game engine interoperability on the consumption side. The results show that all four IfcGUID indicators converge towards 1 after applying the workflow, and the bridge recognition rate approaches 100%, indicating that the risk of data chain breakage, measured on an IFC basis, is substantially reduced. Within existing toolchains, this workflow provides design teams, visualization teams, clients, and auditors with a low-cost and reproducible path for standardizing design-stage digital-twin assets and establishing a traceable, auditable baseline for cross-system interoperability and lifecycle building data management and data reuse.

This study addresses non-standard data that emerge on the consumption side when digital-twin assets are introduced during the design stage of a smart home. We present a traceability-oriented governance workflow that standardizes non-standard assets into compliant, auditable data streams for cross-system reconciliation in building data management. The workflow front-loads control, measurement, and evidence: the export/consumption pipeline is frozen; Industry Foundation Classes Globally Unique Identifier (IfcGUID) compliance is enforced by adopting the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) Globally Unique Identifier (IfcGUID-22) as the minimal cross-system object key; containers and objects are registered in a controlled Common Data Environment (CDE); and Unity unique identifiers are bridged to IfcGUID-22 via a template-based mapping with read-only minimal repairs to restore traceability and game engine interoperability. Effectiveness is validated in a virtual testbed using a pre-test → bridging/minimal-repair → post-test design under a fixed denominator, interpreter, and configuration. Four IfcGUID metrics—completeness, validity, uniqueness, and stability—are computed together with an Ifc-side stability control; interoperability is summarized by Bridge Recognition Rate (BRR) and Disconnect Rate (DR). Results show BRR = 0.9987 with 1/778 broken pairs and 18 stable scene recognitions; completeness, validity, and stability reach 1.00, and uniqueness improves to 0.976744. The findings demonstrate a verifiable, low-cost, and transferable path that reduces breakage risks from non-standard data and restores cross-system traceability for Building Information Modeling (BIM) managers, CDE managers, visualization/engine teams, and owners.

Cultural routes are a composite set of heritage, referring to any ancient routes of human communication. As one of the key products of cultural tourism, they providing visitors with a rich cultural experience across regions. We systematically review reports and studies related to the tourism development of 38 cultural routes cases around the world, with a special focus on their distribution, typology, planning patterns and tools for cultural tourism. We summarized eight tools, there are some differences in how often these eight tools are used by the different types of routes and different planning patterns for routes tourism. The study also made an evaluation system based on the conservation principles of cultural routes to find out how different tools of tourism affect the conservation and development of the historical region. It was found that although many efforts have been made by tourism decision-makers to protect and develop cultural routes there are still many problems and challenges in the process of tourism development along cultural routes. We close the paper by making a few recommendations for decision makers and researchers concerning future routes’ tourism planning and study.