Kosovo, located at the intersection of continental, alpine and sub-Mediterranean climatic influences, represents a biogeographical transition zone with high ecological complexity. In this study, three different biogeographical regions are delineated - the continental, the alpine and the sub-Mediterranean region - using an integrative approach combining vegetation, climate and topography. By using updated vegetation mapping, standardized environmental data and K-means clustering, the study shows the spatial organization of vegetation alliances along altitudinal and climatic gradients. The continental region, which covers the widest area, is characterized by temperate deciduous forests and riparian ecosystems, while the alpine region has resilient high mountain vegetation adapted to extreme conditions. The sub-Mediterranean region, which is influenced by Adriatic-Ionian and Aegean climatic elements, is home to thermophilic forests and Mediterranean flora. The transition zones observed between the regions highlight the dynamic interplay of environmental factors that shape Kosovo's biodiversity. This research provides a fundamental framework for conservation planning and biogeographic studies in the Balkans and emphasizes the importance of integrating abiotic and biotic variables in regional classification.

Agricultural land is facing challenges due to different human activities. Accelerated urbanisation along with explosive economic growth has further worsened the shortage of agricultural land over the last two decades. Kosovo, a country with small areas suitable for agriculture is meeting challenges due to unplanned settlement extension, coal surface mining, parcelisation of properties, etc. This paper consists in an analysis of the agricultural land fund in Kosovo, in quality, production potential and food security for the population, but also the challenges facing Kosovo with this strategic resource. The article analyses three main factors that have made the biggest changes in agricultural land in Kosovo: the effects of settlement extension, coal surface mining and parcelisation in reducing the soil fund. Some of the effects have triggered significant socio-economic processes that have changed the rural environment. Other important risks of agricultural land in Kosovo are: pollution, landfills, frequent floods, etc.

This study aims to investigate radon (Rn-222) gas concentrations in soil and water within seismic-prone regions of Peja and Vitia, Kosovo. The study utilizes the Alpha GUARD PQ2000 PRO equipment for precise measurement, based on the primary and some secondary data gathered. The observed soil gas radon concentrations ranged from 34.6 kBq/m³ to 130.4 kBq/m³ in Peja and 19.8 kBq/m³ to 73.2 kBq/m³ in Vitia, amidst minor seismic events with magnitudes between 1.5 and 2.6. The epicenters are located at distances ranging from 3.1 to 38 km from the radon monitoring sites. The seasonal correction factor was 0.98 for the dry season and 1.01 for the wet season for both areas (Peja and Vitia). Concurrently, radon activity concentrations in spring water varied from 5.7 Bq/L to 9.6 Bq/L in Peja and from 212.8 Bq/L to 275.3 Bq/L in Vitia. These findings emphasize the potential of radon monitoring as an earthquake precursor and highlight the influence of meteorological factors on radon levels, paving the way for future research in earthquake forecasting and environmental safety. Notably, the soil radon levels decrease during heavy rainfall.This contributes to understanding radon’s behavior under varying environmental conditions.