Fracture identification and evaluation requires data from various resources, such as image logs, core samples, seismic data, and conventional well logs for a meaningful interpretation. However, several wells have some missing data; for instance, expensive cost run for image logs, cost concern for core samples, and occasionally unsuccessful core retrieving process. Thus, a majority of the current research is focused on predicting fracture based on conventional well log data. Interpreting fractures information is very important especially to develop reservoir model and to plan for drilling and field development. This study employed statistical methods such as multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component analysis (PCA), and gene expression programming (GEP) to predict fracture density from conventional well log data. This study explored three wells from a basement metamorphic rock with ten conventional logs of gamma rays, thorium, potassium, uranium, deep resistivity, flushed zone resistivity, bulk density, neutron porosity, sonic porosity, and photoelectric effect. Four different methods were used to predict the fracture density, and the results show that predicting fracture density is possible using MLR, PCA, and GEP. However, GEP predicted the best fracture density with R² > 0.86 for all investigated wells, although it had limited use in predicting fracture density. All methods used highlighted that flushed zone resistivity and uranium content are the two most significant well log parameters to predict fracture density. GEP was efficient for use in metamorphic rocks as it works well for conventional well log data as the data is nonlinear, and GEP uses nonlinear algorithms.

Many methods have been developed to detect and predict the fracture properties of fractured rocks. The standard data sources for fracture evaluations are image logs and core samples. However, many wells do not have these data, especially for old wells. Furthermore, operating both methods can be costly, and, sometimes, the data gathered are of bad quality. Therefore, previous research attempted to evaluate fractures indirectly using the widely available conventional well-logs. Sedimentary rocks are widespread and have been studied in the literature. However, fractured reservoirs, like igneous and metamorphic rock bodies, may also be vital since they provide fluid migration pathways and can store some hydrocarbons. Hence, two fractured metamorphic rock bodies are studied in this study to evaluate any difference in fracture responses on well-log properties. Also, a quick and reliable prediction method is studied to predict fracture density (FD) in the case of the unavailability of image logs and core samples. Gene expression programming (GEP) was chosen for this study to predict FD, and ten conventional well-log data were used as input variables. The model produced by GEP was good, with R2 values at least above 0.84 for all studied wells, and the model was then applied to wells without image logs. Both selected metamorphic rocks showed similar results in which the significant parameters to predict FD were the spectral gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs. This study also proposed a validation method to ensure that the FD value predictions were consistent using discriminant function analysis. In conclusion, the GEP method is reliable and could be used for FD predictions for basement metamorphic rocks.

Malays have long been stereotyped with certain negative characters and this has been prompting for decades. They had been blamed for their inability to compete against other races in many aspects. The main objective of this study is an exploration of how British writers stereotyped the images of the native Malays through texts. A thematic content analysis involving articles published by Singapore Free Press were analysed for this purpose. The findings showed that some of the contents of the articles were misleading and far from being accurate. The British managed to portray Malays as lazy and apathy through the publications. These accusations were not explained in an intellectual manner, a result of civilizational and cultural discrepancies between the British colonial writers and their Malay subjects. Such stereotype was actually being planned ahead to legalized the colonization in the Malay land. Keywords: bias; British writers; newspapers; local people; subjugation Abstrak Orang Melayu sejak dahulu telah distereotaipkan dengan sifat-sifat negatif tertentu sehingga menyebabkan timbulnya kontroversi mengelilingi isu ini selama beberapa dekad. Mereka sering dituduh tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk bersaing dengan bangsa-bangsa lain dalam pelbagai jenis kehidupan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk meneroka cara penulis-penulis British memaparkan imej stereotaip orang Melayu tempatan melalui penulisan mereka. Analisis kandungan secara tematik yang melibatkan artikel-artikel yang diterbitkan oleh Singapore Free Press dikaji untuk tujuan tersebut. Hasil kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa sebahagian daripada kandungan artikel yang dianalisis sebenarnya mengandungi maklumat yang kurang tepat dan bersifat dangkal. Pihak British telah berjaya menggambarkan orang Melayu sebagai mereka yang bersikap malas dan bersikap tidak mengambil peduli melalui penerbitan-penerbitan tersebut. Menurut hasil kajian, tuduhan-tuduhan dalam terbitan pihak British tidak dijelaskan secara intelektual disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan peradaban dan budaya antara penulispenulis kolonial British dan subjek-subjek mereka, iaitu orang Melayu. Stereotaip seperti ini sebenarnya telah dirancang sebelum British menjajah bertujuan untuk menghalalkan penjajahan di Tanah Melayu. Kata Kunci: bias, penulis Inggeris, surat khabar, orang tempatan, penaklukan