Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a group of lymphoid neoplasms with high relapse rates and no curative treatment other than allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). CTCL is significantly influenced by disruption of JAK/STAT signaling. Therefore, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors may be promising for CTCL treatment. This study is a systematic review aiming to investigate the role of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of CTCL, including their efficacy and safety. Out of 438 initially searched articles, we present 13 eligible ones. The overall response rate (ORR) in the treatment with JAK inhibitors in clinical trials was 11–35%, although different subtypes of CTCL showed different ORRs. Mycosis fungoides showed an ORR of 14–45%, while subcutaneous-panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) displayed an ORR ranging from 75% to 100%. Five cases were reported having a relapse/incident of CTCL after using JAK inhibitors; of these, three cases were de novo CTCLs in patients under treatment with a JAK inhibitor due to refractory arthritis, and two cases were relapsed disease after graft-versus-host disease treatment following allo-SCT. In conclusion, using JAK inhibitors for CTCL treatment seems promising with acceptable side effects, especially in patients with SPTCL. Some biomarkers, like pS6, showed an association with better responses. Caution should be taken when treating patients with an underlying autoimmune disease and prior immunosuppression.

Objective: Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome usually involves bones, joints, and skin. Due to a lack of known pathogenesis and clinical trials, there is no standard treatment of SAPHO syndrome. Because none of the current treatments have a high efficacy and the risk of relapse is high, new treatment options for SAPHO syndrome are necessary. JAK inhibitors (JAK‐I) are a group of small‐molecule drugs with a wide range of effects on inflammatory and autoimmune pathways. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using medical subject headings terms or keywords related to JAK‐I and SAPHO syndrome through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase until September 8, 2024. The inclusion criteria included a patient diagnosed with SAPHO syndrome who received at least one JAK‐I. We excluded reviews and animal studies. Results: Of 287 initially researched articles, we included 34 articles. These 34 articles represent 72 patients with a mean age of 39.36 years. Of these, 56 (78%) were female. All patients had bone or joint involvement, and 64 patients had skin involvement. Seventy patients (97.2%) had received at least one treatment before using JAK‐I. All patients received just one JAK‐I. Of these, 54 (75%) received tofacitinib, 15 (20.8%) received baricitinib, and 3 (4.2%) received upadacitinib. All patients except one (98.6%) showed good to complete response. Ten patients (13.9%) showed a clinical adverse effect. All were taking tofacitinib, with adverse effects leading to drug discontinuation in just one of these patients. Conclusion: JAK‐I seems to be a promising treatment of SAPHO syndrome, with manageable adverse effects.

Objectives: Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X‐linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease with a wide spectrum of manifestations and no standard treatment. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK‐I) are small‐molecule drugs that affect many molecular pathways. We aim to investigate the safety and efficacy of JAK‐I in the treatment of VEXAS syndrome. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using MeSH terms/keywords related to JAK‐I and VEXAS syndrome through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase until July 6, 2025. Results: We included 29 articles: 8 cohort, 8 case series, and 13 case reports. Our study includes data for 186 cases. The mean age was 69.64 years, and 83.33% were male. The most frequent manifestations were skin lesions (64.51%), fever (64.51%), arthritis and arthralgia (61.29%), lung involvement (31.72%), and venous thrombosis (24.19%). In general, 33.87% had a complete response, and 29.57% had a partial response. Ruxolitinib was used in 117 patients. Thirty‐four out of 117 (29.06%) experienced complete to partial remission. Tofacitinib was used in 31 patients. About 29% of them showed complete to partial remission. Baricitinib was used in 25 patients; 12% had complete remission, and 16% had partial remission. Upadacitinib was used in 13 patients, which led to a complete remission in 38.46%. Filgotinib was used in four patients, leading to partial remission in one case. Among all, 36.55% showed adverse effects. Of these, eight were on Ruxolitinib, two on Tofacitinib, two on Baricitinib, and three on Upadacitinib. Conclusion: JAK‐I seems to be a promising treatment option with tolerable adverse effects for VEXAS syndrome.

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a type of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma that usually involves the skin. It has different subtypes including mycosis fungoides (MFs), Sézary syndrome (SS), primary cutaneous anaplastic large lymphoma (PC‐ALCL), lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), and subcutaneous panniculitis–like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL). There are several reports of incidence, relapse, or progression of CTCLs by using specific drugs. We aim to identify drug‐ and vaccine‐induced CTCL characteristics. A systematic search was conducted using MeSH terms/keywords: CTCL and drug‐induced or drug‐associated or vaccine‐associated or vaccine induced through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase until May 10, 2024. Out of 14,031 papers, 60 articles were included, involving 71 patients with a mean age of 53.5 ± 17 years. Among them, 52.1% were male. Medications were categorized into four groups: conventional, biologics, small molecules, and vaccines. The most frequently reported medications in the first group were fingolimod ( n = 8) and methotrexate ( n = 7). Infliximab ( n = 6) and etanercept ( n = 5) were the most commonly reported biologics. Pfizer–BioNTech ( n = 11) vaccine and JAK inhibitors ( n = 3) were the most reported vaccine and small molecules. LyP ( n = 17) was the most frequently reported type of CTCL, followed by PC‐ALCL ( n = 13), MF ( n = 11), SS ( n = 8), and SPTCL ( n = 8). The most common underlying conditions were rheumatoid arthritis ( n = 15) and multiple sclerosis ( n = 10). Twenty patients (28%) experienced disease regression after discontinuing the drug, with a mean ± SD of 8.6 ± 8.8 weeks. In 14 patients (20%), chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were initiated. Six patients passed away after being diagnosed with CTCL: two because of CTCL recurrence and four because of other complications. It is important recognizing CTCL as a possible, although rare, adverse effect of certain drugs and vaccines, and taking a history of vaccinations, especially COVID‐19 vaccines, and immunosuppressive drugs such as fingolimod, TNF‐a inhibitors, and methotrexate.