The contradiction between urban construction and sustainable development has led to an increasing demand for urban underground space (UUS). The value evaluation of urban underground space (UUSVE) is of great significance in promoting the rational development of UUS. Currently, no study has reviewed the literature on UUSVE. This paper provides a preliminary review of the legal basis and element composition of UUS, and the themes, evaluation objects, and evaluation methods of UUSVE, attempting to clarify the current status of UUSVE and analyze its future development trends. Finally, by summarizing the legal basis, element composition, research status and trends of UUSVE, three suggestions to strengthen UUSVE are proposed: (1) to strengthen the research on the shortcomings of UUSVE methods; (2) to build an evaluation index library and case library; and (3) to emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, with a particular focus on the application research of machine learning.

Rural revitalization, as a crucial strategic goal for rural development in contemporary China, encompasses multidimensional connotations and requirements. Following the establishment of the ‘three rights separation’ system in 2014, land transfer has increasingly assumed a vital role, demonstrating a close and complex intrinsic logical relationship with rural revitalization. To comprehensively analyze the diverse impacts of land transfer on rural revitalization as discussed in the literature, we employ a ‘goal–strategy–indicator–outcome’ analytical framework to conduct a meta-analysis and visual assessment of 131 cases drawn from 52 articles published over the past decade. We systematically explore the pathways by which land transfer impacts rural revitalization and validate the results using typical cases reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs through Python 3.9 analysis. The findings reveal the following: (1) Land transfer generally exerts a positive impact on rural revitalization (81.7% of 107 cases). (2) It significantly boosts living standards (84% positive cases) and industrial prosperity (88.4% positive cases); rural cultural civilization shows 100% positive cases yet with statistically insignificant coefficients, while its impacts on ecological livability (60%) and effective governance (70.6%) are insignificant. (3) Among 12 indicators, those related to agricultural production and farmers’ livelihoods are positive, whereas those concerning rural ecology and governance are negative. This study indicates that land transfer plays a key role in the rural revitalization strategy, but the ecological impacts and governance challenges that it presents require ongoing attention and optimization at the policy level.

Human needs alter ecosystem services (ESs), which then affect human needs. Based on the human needs theory, human needs in ESs are classified into four major categories of needs. A monetization method was used to quantify the ecosystem service need value (ESNV), the ES value equivalent method was used to calculate the ES supply value (ESSV), and the correlation coefficient method was used to understand the relationships and mutual influences among human needs. Finally, the supply and demand relationships were compared to obtain the gap between the supply of and demand for ESs. Taking Hechi City, a city with a predominantly karst landscape, as an example, we found that: (1) the total area of high-value areas and generally high-value areas in Hechi City increased by 10,935.15 km², whereas the total area of low-value areas decreased by 11,094.07 km². (2) A positive correlation exists between the various demands. Spiritual needs and material needs are moderately significantly positively correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.54. Security needs are positively correlated with material needs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.6. (3) The ESNV and ESSV in Hechi City are slightly imbalanced. Du’an requires an external ecosystem supply of CNY 21.9192 million for living material, while Jinchengjiang has the potential to export a water supply value of CNY 22.9934 million to external ecosystems. (4) The centers of gravity of various types of supply and demand are distributed primarily within Jinchengjiang District, only the center of gravity of production material needs is in the northern part of Du’an County. The distance between the centers of gravity of the demand and supply for living materials increased by 2100.44 m, the distance between the centers of gravity of the demand and supply for oxygen security increased by 639.15 m. The results are complementary to current research on ESs from the perspective of ES demand. These findings can thus provide scientific foundational information to help decision makers understand the balance between the supply and demand of ESs in a region and promote the construction of a human-harmonious ecosystem.