Reduction of leakage power and vulnerability to radiation are of critical challenges in modern nanometer CMOS technologies because of scaling down requirement. Spintronic logic has been progressed to realize these demands based on magnetic-based elements properties especially magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) such as radiation-hardened, non-volatility, and CMOS process compatibility. A novel soft-error tolerant and highly reliable latch circuit is proposed in this paper which is a promising choice for reliable and low-power architectures. Furthermore, employing the proposed shadow latch based on MTJ cells as a backup structure along with the rad-hard main latch is aimed to the realization of a nonvolatile and SEU-immune flip-flop which is applicable in next-generation CMOS circuits. Simulations of proposed circuits have been performed by SPICE tool and a 45nm CMOS technology model to evaluate the effectiveness of topologies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) progressively impairs the memory and thinking skills of patients, resulting in a significant global economic and social burden each year. However, diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder can be challenging, particularly in the early stages of developing cognitive decline. Current clinical techniques are expensive, laborious, and invasive, which hinders comprehensive studies on Alzheimer's biomarkers and the development of efficient devices for Point-of-Care testing (POCT) applications. To address these limitations, researchers have been investigating various biosensing techniques. Unfortunately, these methods have not been commercialized due to several drawbacks, such as low efficiency, reproducibility, and the lack of accurate identification of AD markers. In this review, we present diverse promising hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease identified in various biofluids and body behaviors. Additionally, we thoroughly discuss different biosensing mechanisms and the associated challenges in disease diagnosis. In each context, we highlight the potential of realizing new biosensors to study various features of the disease, facilitating its early diagnosis in POCT. This comprehensive study, focusing on recent efforts for different aspects of the disease and representing promising opportunities, aims to conduct the future trend toward developing a new generation of compact multipurpose devices that can address the challenges in the early detection of AD.

In this article, a novel optical Bio-microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensing platform is proposed based on a tunable laser and its lasing wavelength to detect the biomolecules and measure their quantities. The present biosensor consists of a BioMEMS cantilever and a proposed external cavity tunable laser. While the target samples (i.e., DNA, mRNA, or protein) are exposed to the cantilever surface, target-analyte bindings are happened. This can induce a surface stress on the MEMS cantilever and results in its bending due to the surface stress difference in each side of the cantilever. Thus, the gap size between the laser cavity and the gain medium is changed which can be measured by the wavelength variations of the proposed tunable laser source. Consequently, by analyzing the output response, one can detect the amount of target biomolecules in the sample and assign a level of contamination, infection, or bioparticles, caused by the specific disease. Various parameters of the proposed device are designed by numerical and analytical approaches. Furthermore, functional characteristics of the present BioMEMS sensor are obtained as follows: mechanical sensitivity of $1.8~\mu \text{m}$ /Nm ⁻¹ , optical sensitivity of 422 nm/RIU, Q-factor of 610, and resonant frequency of 6.43 kHz. The obtained functional characteristics of the proposed device show that the present optical BioMEMS sensor can be appealing for highly sensitive diagnoses of various types of diseases and their progress level.

A novel optical BioNEMS (Bio Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) sensor based on a tunable 2D photonic crystal (PhC) cavity is proposed in this paper. The present device includes a functionalized BioNEMS cantilever and a tunable PhC structure. This optical detection system is a rod-type silicon photonic crystal cavity in which a designed defect allows the transmission of highly confined wave modes. While the immobilized capture probes are exposed to a solution containing the target biomarkers (i.e., DNA, mRNA or proteins), binding events cause a stress on the surface of the nanocantilever because of biological interactions. Therefore, the NEMS movable part is displaced as a result of an induced differential surface stress. This changes the position of the defect nanorods in the PhC cavity which leads to the transmitted wavelength variations. Finally, the concentration of biological quantities is measured by detecting the optical spectrum changes of the proposed biosensor. Furthermore, the presented BioNEMS sensor is analyzed by numerical and analytical approaches to obtain its functional characteristics as follows: optical sensitivity of 5140 nm/RIU, FOM of 10280 RIU ^-1 , Q-factor of 3078, mechanical sensitivity of 1.05 µm/Nm ^-1 and resonant frequency of 23.45 kHz. Based on the obtained results, the proposed structure relied on Fano resonances provides a high-precision biosensor which has a great potential for highly sensitive detection of biomarkers in early diseases diagnosis as well as drug delivery test.

In this paper, we present a novel optical BioNEMS (Biological-Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensor based on a 1D photonic crystal (PhC) structure in order to develop a label free biosensing platform. The proposed biosensor consists of a BioNEMS cantilever as the tunable defect of the PhC detection part. This optical sensing system is a finite air hole photonic crystal with a nano air gap in the center of the structure so that the NEMS movable part can be freely displaced. Biomolecular interactions induce a surface stress on the functionalized surface of the movable structure. As a consequence, a nanomechanical bending occurs in the NEMS cantilever because of the released energy of binding events. This can change the defect of the proposed PhC which causes shifts in the transmitted wavelength for various concentrations of biomarkers. By analyzing the proposed device using numerical and analytical approaches, the functional characteristics of the present BioNEMS sensor are obtained as follows: optical sensitivity of 13452 nm/RIU, FOM of 7912 RIU ⁻¹ , mechanical sensitivity of $4.6~\mu \text{m}$ /Nm ⁻¹ and resonant frequency of 33.3 kHz. According to the results, this ultra-high sensitive sensor can be a promising choice to realize efficient label-free biosensors for early diagnoses of diseases in Point-of-Care Testing (POCT).

In this paper, a novel two-axis optical NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical-System) accelerometer based on metamaterials is presented for biomedical applications. This sensor consists of a proof mass with two different patterns of Split Ring Resonators (SRR) on its fingers to form a tunable metamaterial device. The fingers connected to the proof mass are movable, while the others are anchored to the sensor framework. In fact, in this structure, two separated parts of the metamaterial-cells are coated on the movable and the fixed fingers which are coupled by a nanoscale airgap. When the accelerated proof mass is displaced by physical activities in the xy plane, the coupling of meta-arrays changes and the sensing wavelengths are thus varied. Detection of these changes leads to the measurement of body accelerations or position estimation occurred in different situations. The proposed BioNEMS accelerometer is then analyzed by numerical and analytical methods which result the functional characteristics of this platform as follows: x-direction optical sensitivity of S _ox =116 nm/g, y-direction optical sensitivity of S _oy =88 nm/g, x-direction mechanical sensitivity of S _mx =133.3 nm/g, y-direction mechanical sensitivity of S _my =133.3 nm/g, measurement range of M _r =±20 g for both directions and bandwidth of BW= 500 Hz. According to the results, the presented two-axis BioNEMS accelerometer can be a highly sensitive nano-scale platform for measuring accelerations in various medical applications such as wearable devices (smartwatches or robot gloves), surgery robots and medical imaging probes.