Targeted cancer therapy has become one of the most important medical methods because of the spreading and metastatic nature of cancer. Based on the introduction of AS1411 and its four-chain structure, this paper reviews the research progress in cancer detection and drug delivery systems by modifying AS1411 aptamers based on graphene, mesoporous silica, silver and gold. The application of AS1411 in cancer treatment and drug delivery and the use of AS1411 as a targeting agent for the detection of cancer markers such as nucleoli were summarized from three aspects of active targeting, passive targeting and targeted nucleic acid apharmers. Although AS1411 has been withdrawn from clinical trials, the research surrounding its structural optimization is still very popular. Further progress has been made in the modification of nanoparticles loaded with TCM extracts by AS1411. Graphical Abstract

The design of palladium-based nanostructures has good prospects in various applications. This paper reports a simple one-step synthesis method of PdCuAu nanoparticles (PdCuAu NPs) prepared directly in aqueous solution. PdCuAu NPs have attracted much attention owing to their unique synergistic electronic effect, optical and catalytic performance. As temperature sensor, PdCuAu NPs are sensitive to the fluorescence intensity change in the temperature range of 4–95°C, which is due to its unique optical properties. The prepared PdCuAu NPs have excellent catalytic performance for peroxidase-like enzymes. It can catalyze TMB rapidly in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and oxidize it to visible blue product (oxTMB). Based on its unique peroxidase-like properties, this study used PdCuAu NPs colorimetric platform detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose. The linear ranges of hydrogen peroxide and glucose were 0.1–300 μM and 0.5–500 μM, respectively, and the detection limits (LOD) were 5 and 25 nM, respectively. This simple and rapid method provides a good prospect for the detection of H₂O₂ and glucose in practical applications.

Heavy-metal ions (HMIs) as a pollutant, if not properly processed, used, and disposed of, will not only have an influence on the ecological environment but also pose significant health hazards to humans, making them a primary factor that endangers human health and harms the environment. Heavy metals come from a variety of sources, the most common of which are agriculture, industry, and sewerage. As a result, there is an urgent demand for portable, low-cost, and effective analytical tools. Bionanosensors have been rapidly developed in recent years due to their advantages of speed, mobility, and high sensitivity. To accomplish effective HMI pollution control, it is important not only to precisely pinpoint the source and content of pollution but also to perform real-time and speedy in situ detection of its composition. This study summarizes heavy-metal-ion (HMI) sensing research advances over the last five years (2019–2023), describing and analyzing major examples of electrochemical and optical bionanosensors for Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, and Zn²⁺.

With the discovery of research, many properties of carbon dots are getting better and better. People have taken advantage of this and utilized them interspersed in various fields. In the present study, water-soluble nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with excellent optical and fluorescence thermal properties were prepared by the hydrothermal method using 4-dimethylaminopyridine and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as precursors. Co²⁺ has a selective bursting effect on the fluorescence of N-CDs. The fluorescence of N-CDs is selectively burst by Co²⁺, and the high sensitivity is good in the range of 0–12 μM with a detection limit of 74 nM. In addition, the good temperature response (reversible and recoverable fluorescence in the temperature range of 20~90 °C) and excellent optical properties of the N-CDs also make them new potentials in the field of fluorescent inks and temperature sensing.

Herein, we report a novel approach to AS1411-templated formation of fluorescent copper nanomaterials and their application to melamine detection. Fluorescent copper nanomaterials were formed at room temperature by using AS1411 as a template and ascorbic acid as reductant. However, the fluorescence intensity decreased obviously in the presence of melamine. Under the optimized conditions, the quenching fluorescence intensities of copper nanomaterials showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of melamine in the range of 50 μmol/L–120 μmol/L, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9823. In addition, the method was successfully applied in the detection of melamine in milk samples. This method was cost-effective and convenient without any labels or complicated operations. Thus, this work successfully develops the capping AS1411 scaffolds of copper nanomaterials detection of melamine.

China’s Yellow River basin encounters widespread risks of reduced runoff and intensified hydrological drought. This study focuses on the middle and upper reaches of the Dahei River, the Yellow River’s primary tributary. In this region, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was employed to simulate hydrological processes, identify runoff changes and hydrological drought characteristics, and conduct attribution analysis from 1983 to 2022, as well as to project trends over the next 40 years. The results indicate that total runoff during the impact period (1999–2022) decreased by 55.26% compared to the baseline period (1983–1998). Climate change accounted for a contribution rate of 38.6% to this decline, while human activities accounted for 61.4%. Additionally, climate primarily altered surface runoff (SURQ) and lateral groundwater flow (LATQ) through precipitation changes, while land use had a predominant influence on total runoff volume by modifying SURQ. Both factors exhibited relatively minor effects on LATQ. Moreover, human activities contribute to hydrological drought at a rate of 36.11% to 94.25%. Drought probability is significantly influenced by climate through precipitation and temperature changes, while land use primarily mitigates hydrological drought by impacting the three runoff components. It is predicted that over the next 40 years, total runoff will decrease by 2.08% to 60.16%, along with hydrological droughts that are more frequent, longer in average duration, and more intense; however, the Maximum Drought Duration is anticipated to shorten. In the east and northeast, hydrological drought presents a trend of intensification, with central and western regions exhibiting weaker or declining changes.