Most lower limb rehabilitation robots are limited to specific training postures to adapt to stroke patients in multiple stages of recovery. In addition, there is a lack of attention to the switching functions of the training side, including left, right, and bilateral, which enables patients with hemiplegia to rehabilitate with a single device. This article presents an exoskeleton robot named the multistage hemiplegic lower-limb rehabilitation robot, which has been designed to do rehabilitation in multiple training postures and training sides. The mechanism consisting of the thigh, calf, and foot is introduced. Additionally, the design of the multi-mode limit of the hip, knee, and ankle joints supports delivering therapy in any posture and training sides to aid patients with hemiplegia in all stages of recovery. The gait trajectory is planned by extracting the gait motion trajectory model collected by the motion capture device. In addition, a control system for the training module based on adaptive iterative learning has been simulated, and its high-precision tracking performance has been verified. The gait trajectory experiment is carried out, and the results verify that the trajectory tracking performance of the robot has good performance.

Conventional lower-limb rehabilitation robots are large, complicated to wear, and require moving the patient to a designated position. To solve these problems, a new single-legged lower-limb rehabilitation robot (S-LLRR) that is easy to move and suitable for different height carriers was proposed. The mechanical leg has a variable working space, and its rotating joints are designed with mechanical limiters. The series configuration of the S-LLRR was analyzed, and trajectory planning was performed based on continuous linear motion training. Meanwhile, an active training control method based on the sand model was proposed to enhance the motion sensation of patients, and an active participation degree evaluation model was designed based on human physiological information. The simulation and experimental results showed that S-LLRR had a large workspace and good motion accuracy, and the accuracy of the active participation degree evaluation model could reach more than 85%. This research could provide a theoretical basis for improving the standardization and compliance of lower-limb robot rehabilitation training.

In order to solve the problem of insufficient design applicability in the field of lower limb rehabilitation, such as interaction, experience comfort, and modeling color, a biological excitation function system was used to guide the solution of the functional scheme of lower limb rehabilitation products, and the transformation of lower limb rehabilitation products in functional interaction, experience, and morphological color design driven by biological information-driven cross-domain mapping was improved. We used patent knowledge mining to study the product functional requirements of lower limb rehabilitation products. The results were used to screen the required biological prototypes, and the biological incentives were used to guide the design problems. According to the principle of analogy and similarity calculation, the similarity matrix was obtained, and then the strategy was analyzed. Through the analogy of functional system–product technology engineering systems, the engineering relationship between multi-biological and multi-design elements was determined. We realized the biological replacement and upgrading of product functions under biological stimulation to guide the design of lower limb rehabilitation products. The accurate quantitative biological information of multi-biological analogy fit has the significance of optimizing the training effect, improving the operation efficiency, and improving the morphology and modeling of the lower limb rehabilitation product engineering transformation and design. The acquisition rate of the functional design requirements of lower limb rehabilitation products based on text mining reached 95%, and the accuracy of the biological design prototype obtained through similarity calculation was higher than 79%, which verified the feasibility of the accurate bioinformatics design method and improved the rigor of the bioinformatics biomimetic design method.

In rehabilitation, physicians plan lower-limb exercises via linear guidance. Ensuring efficacy and safety, they design patient-specific paths, carefully plotting smooth trajectories to minimize jerks. Replicating their precision in robotics is a major challenge. This study introduces a linear rehabilitation motion planning method designed for physicians to use a multi-posture lower-limb rehabilitation robot, encompassing both path and trajectory planning. By subdividing the lower limb’s action space into four distinct training sections and classifying this space, we articulate the correlation between linear trajectories and key joint rehabilitation metrics. Building upon this foundation, a rehabilitative path generation system is developed, anchored in joint rehabilitation indicators. Subsequently, high-order polynomial curves are employed to mimic the smooth continuity of traditional rehabilitation trajectories and joint motions. Furthermore, trajectory planning is refined through the resolution of a constrained quadratic optimization problem, aiming to minimize the abrupt jerks in the trajectory. The optimized trajectories derived from our experiments are compared with randomly generated trajectories, demonstrating the suitability of trajectory optimization for real-time rehabilitation trajectory planning. Additionally, we compare trajectories generated based on the two groups of joint rehabilitation indicators, indicating that the proposed path generation system effectively assists clinicians in executing efficient and precise robot-assisted rehabilitation path planning.

The increasing demand for efficiency, brand consistency, and sustainability in automotive design has led to the exploration of innovative methods. This study investigated the impact of the V-shaped Dynamic Morphology Curve (VDMC) on design efficiency, brand consistency, and sustainability outcomes in automobile wheel design. A total of 24 designers took part, divided into an experimental group using VDMC and a control group using traditional CAD methods. VDMC uses parametric modeling to accelerate design iterations while maintaining brand identity. The experimental group completed the design task 31.5% faster, achieved significantly higher brand consistency (9.1/10 vs. 7.8/10), and reduced the number of design iterations by 53.2% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group made 50.9% fewer design changes, indicating higher design stability. These results show that VDMC significantly improves design efficiency and sustainability by reducing both time and resource consumption while ensuring greater alignment with brand guidelines. This study highlights the potential of VDMC to transform traditional design practices and offers notable benefits for both creative processes and environmental impact. The results suggest that integrating VDMC into design workflows could lead to significant improvements in efficiency and sustainability in the automotive industry and beyond.

Adolescent lower-limb postural abnormalities encompass physiological alignment variation, impaired dynamic motor control, and structural deformity, which require different intervention goals and standards of evidence. This review classifies flexible wearable lower-limb systems into motor-cable, pneumatic artificial muscle, elastic-element, and smart-material technologies, and compares the assisted joints, mass boundaries, power supply, sensing and control, and human-subject findings. Direct evidence in children and adolescents is distinguished from mixed-age evidence and technology transferred from adult populations. Current studies mainly support gait assistance, improved walking economy, and rehabilitation training. A small number of systems have been tested in children with cerebral palsy, but the evidence is insufficient to show that flexible external traction can produce sustained correction of the osseous alignment associated with adolescent genu varum or genu valgum. Motor-cable systems facilitate force-feedback control, pneumatic systems are constrained by their air supply and response characteristics, elastic assistance depends on stiffness and gait-phase matching, and smart materials still present thermal, electrical, and durability challenges. Future adolescent-oriented systems should prioritize growth-adjustable sizing, low distal mass, measurable interaction forces, and fail-safe unloading. Their effectiveness should be evaluated through off-device retention of functional gains and long-term follow-up.