The aim of this study is to create a guideline for rooftop gardens in the city of Amman, taking into account the factors of social, environmental, and economic sustainability, and in a way that is largely consistent with the local building systems and regulations. Local libraries lack a guideline specialized in rooftop gardens, how to design and implement them, and choose the appropriate materials for them. The failure to exploit the unused rooftops of buildings in the city of Amman results in many environmental and architectural problems that this research found in order to address them, by providing diverse, accurate and standard information that facilitates the work of people interested in establishing rooftop gardens. To reach the desired goal of this research, many interviews were conducted with gardeners, experts and officials in companies with local and international sustainable products, in addition to experts in irrigation systems, monitoring and outdoor lighting. The information obtained by the researchers was tabulated through tables through which it is easy to access the information. The research outcomes are expected to develop design guidelines for the utilization of rooftop gardens in the city of Amman which respond to principles of sustainability, whether social, environmental or economical, as well as the result highlighted the importance of the guideline and the benefits that it can be brought to the city and its inhabitants from the environmental, social and even economic aspects.

This meta-analysis compares the thermal user comfort performance of three of the most important Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) façade systems: Double Skin Façades (DSFs), semi-transparent BIPV façades, and ventilated opaque BIPV cladding systems. A total of 24 peer-reviewed papers were systematically examined on the basis of operative temperature drop, PMV scores, and comfort hours in a variety of climate contexts. DSFs exhibited better thermal control and climate responsiveness, registering up to 4.5°C of temperature drop and more than 82% comfort hours. Ventilated opaque systems were effective in hot-arid climates with high retrofiting potential, but semi-transparent BIPV façades were better suited for daylighting but less stable thermally. The results indicate that DSFs are the best overall, although the choice of system should be based on climate, design requirements, and performance objectives. Recommendations involve hybrid façade solutions and increased focus on passive thermal design in BIPV applications.

One of the primary design tools Ottoman architects employed in the creation of their buildings and planning architectural spaces was geometric proportions. The Sultan Bayezid II Mosque in Istanbul, which was designed in a very distinctive geometric way but hasn't been thoroughly studied and discussed by researchers before, is a perfect example of how to apply geometric proportions. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the optimal geometric proportions that guided the construction of the mosque's plans and interior spaces. The architectural significance of the mosque in the history of Ottoman architecture is highlighted in this study, which employs a historical and analytical research method. After that, the architectural drawings were examined geometrically to demonstrate the proportions on which the mosque was constructed. The proportional shapes explored in the mosque's drawings confirmed that ideal geometric proportions were of great value in the minds of the engineers and architects who designed the mosque. The study's findings further support the mosque's architectural significance and geometric richness.

One of the most prominent styles of Islamic architecture that benefited from the aesthetics of Arabic calligraphy in mosque decoration is Ottoman architecture, in which Arabic calligraphy was used mainly to enhance the mosque's interior. Hence, this research aims to demonstrate the importance of employing Arabic calligraphy as a decorative element in the interior design of the Shehzade Mosque in Istanbul and to show how it harmonizes with the mosque's unique structural system across its various forms. The study began by stating the research problem and its motivations, and by clarifying its scientific value in highlighting the position of Arabic calligraphy decoration in Ottoman arts and architecture. The study then reviewed how Arabic calligraphy decorations contributed to improving the interior appearance of the Ottoman Mosque. Then the Shehzade Mosque emerged as a distinctive and influential model in the use of Arabic calligraphy in Ottoman architecture. The researcher then analyzed the geometric pattern that developed on the ceiling of the Ottoman Mosque from Arabic calligraphic decorations. Finally, the study concluded with results and recommendations that emphasize the importance of Arabic calligraphy in the architecture of Shahzad mosques.