This literature review aimed to determine the level of burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction, as well as their associated risks and protective factors, in healthcare professionals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 2858 records obtained from the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and finally included 76 in this review. The main results we found showed an increase in the rate of burnout, dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and compassion fatigue; a reduction in personal accomplishment; and levels of compassion satisfaction similar to those before the pandemic. The main risk factors associated with burnout were anxiety, depression, and insomnia, along with some sociodemographic variables such as being a woman or a nurse or working directly with COVID-19 patients. Comparable results were found for compassion fatigue, but information regarding compassion satisfaction was lacking. The main protective factors were resilience and social support.

The feeling of emotional self-efficacy helps people understand how to handle positive and negative emotions. Emotion regulation is the process that helps people control their emotions so that they can adapt to the demands of the environment. This study has a twofold aim. First, it examines the relationships among emotion regulation, the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability, and the feeling of emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions in an adolescent population. Second, it examines the mediating role of personality traits (extraversion and emotional stability) in the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. The participants were 703 adolescents (49.9% male and 50.1% female) aged between 15 and 18 years (M = 15.86, SD = 0.30). Significant relationships were observed among emotion regulation, the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability, and emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. The structural equation model confirmed the direct link between emotion regulation and emotional self-efficacy and mediation by the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability. This study confirms that emotional self-efficacy is connected to the emotion regulation strategies that adolescents use. Effective emotion regulation encourages self-perception and emotional coping. The results are discussed in connection to previous research.

Background: In adolescence, personality traits and emotion regulation strategies play a key role in psychosocial development. However, literature shows inconsistencies in how these variables interact and how gender may influence this relationship. Methods: The study involved 703 Spanish adolescents (49.9% boys) aged 15 to 18. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) assessed cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, while the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) measured the Big Five personality traits. Correlational analyses and path models were conducted, separated by gender. Results: Extraversion and emotional stability were positively associated with cognitive reappraisal and negatively with expressive suppression. These associations were stronger in girls, where extraversion also predicted cognitive reappraisal. Traits like agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness showed no consistent significant associations with emotion regulation strategies. Conclusions: Extraversion and emotional stability stand out as key predictors of emotion regulation during adolescence. These findings support the promotion of these traits in educational interventions to foster adaptive emotional strategies.

The feeling of emotional self-efficacy helps people understand how to handle positive and negative emotions. Emotion regulation indicates the process that helps modulate emotions, to adapt suitably to the demands of the environment. This study has a two-fold aim. Firstly, it analyses the relationships among emotion regulation; the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability; and the feeling of efficacy of positive and negative emotions in an adolescent population. Secondly, it analyses the mediating role of personality traits (extraversion and emotional stability) in the relationship between emotion regulation and self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. There were 703 adolescents who took part (49.9% male and 50.1% female) aged between 15 and 18 years (M=15.86, TD=0.30). The results observe the significant relationships among emotion regulation; the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability; and self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. The structural equation model confirms that the link between emotion regulation and self-efficacy is direct and is also mediated by the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability. The study confirms that emotional self-efficacy beliefs are connected to the emotional regulation strategies used. Effective emotional regulation favours self-perception and emotional coping. There is a discussion about the results, which are connected to previous research.

Introducción. La adolescencia es una etapa clave para el desarrollo socioemocional, marcada por mayor autonomía y sensibilidad a las relaciones entre iguales. Aunque el apego parental ha sido ampliamente estudiado, el papel del apego a pares en la regulación emocional sigue poco explorado. Este estudio analiza cómo las dimensiones del apego (confianza, comunicación y alienación) se relacionan con dos estrategias de regulación emocional (reevaluación cognitiva y supresión expresiva), considerando diferencias por sexo y sus implicaciones educativas. Método. Participaron 703 adolescentes (49,9% varones; 50,1% mujeres) de 15 a 18 años (M = 15,86; SD = 0,30) en ocho centros educativos de Valencia (España). Se aplicaron el Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) y el Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). El diseño fue transversal, con consentimiento informado y normas éticas de Helsinki. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, pruebas t, correlaciones y un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (WLSMV). Resultados. Las chicas puntuaron más alto en confianza y comunicación; los chicos en reevaluación cognitiva y supresión expresiva. El modelo SEM mostró buen ajuste (CFI = .953; RMSEA = .050). El apego a pares predijo la supresión expresiva (confianza y comunicación: efecto negativo; alienación: efecto positivo), explicando el 18% de la varianza. La influencia sobre la reevaluación cognitiva fue mínima (3,4%). Discusión y conclusiones. El apego a pares influye especialmente en la supresión expresiva, mientras que la reevaluación cognitiva depende de factores cognitivos adicionales. Se recomienda promover vínculos seguros y estrategias adaptativas en contextos educativos, considerando diferencias de sexo. Futuras investigaciones deberían emplear diseños longitudinales y métodos multimodales.