The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is rarely reported in Beijing. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of MAFLD among Beijing adults aged ≥25 years old. A cross-sectional, community-based survey with multistage stratified cluster sampling was used. Demographic, transient elastography (TE), biochemical and blood examination information was collected in all the subjects in this study. The prevalence of MAFLD was 32.40% (23,832/73,566). Risk factors independently associated with MAFLD included male gender (OR = 1.47, 95%CI, 1.43–1.52), urban residence (OR = 1.06, 95% CI, 1.02–1.10), older age (30–39 years: OR = 1.29; 40–49 years: OR = 1.43; 50–59 years: OR = 1.09; ≥60 years: OR = 1.52) and lower education (middle school: OR = 2.03; high school: OR = 1.89; undergraduate: OR = 1.69). MAFLD was more common in females than in males after 50 years of age. Lean/normal weight MAFLD patients account for approximately 3.04% (724/23,832) of MAFLD. Compared to non-MAFLD subjects, the lean/normal MAFLD patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and had a higher degree of hepatic steatosis and liver function enzymology parameters (all p < 0.001). MAFLD was highly prevalent among the general population aged ≥25 years old in Beijing. MAFLD was closely associated with male gender, older age, lower education and urban residence. Even lean/normal-weight people were under risk of MAFLD.

HBV prevention and control presents a global public health priority because of the tremendous economic and healthcare burdens involved. This study was designed to investigate the status of HBV epidemics among household members, and to analyze the risk factors of HBV infection in couples and their offspring. A total of 1,035 couples and 541 offspring were included. We sourced the data from a population-based serological survey conducted by the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control in 2014. Chi-square test and multiple logistic were used to assess differences in the prevalence of categorical variables, and identify risk factors for HBV infection and exposure in couples and offspring after controlling for confounding factors. In couples, the prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4.3% and the prevalence of exposure 32.7%. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in offspring was 0.9%, and the prevalence of exposure 8.7%. Sharing syringes with others and living with a spouse who was infected or exposed to HBV were associated with a significantly higher risk for transmission of HBV for couples. In offspring, maternal HBV infection was a significant risk factor for HBV exposure. This study provides evidence that having household members infected or exposed to HBV increases the risk of HBV transmission, and in order to achieve better control of HBV infection effective strategies must be established to prevent intra-familial transmission.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among married individuals and to analyze the associated risk factors of HBV infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups in 2006 and 2014. Methods: Information of married individuals aged over 16 y with a clear HBV vaccination status was extracted from the database constructed by the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control from population-based investigation. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect demographic information, vaccinated history, and other related influence information of HBV of participants. Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's test, and logistic regression were used to explore the risk factors of HBV infection. Results: A total of 2874 individuals in 2006 and 1622 individuals in 2014 were enrolled in our study. The mean age of individuals was 49.30 and 46.68 y in 2006 and 2014, respectively. The overall positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBc, and single anti-HBs were 4.80%, 43.01%, and 5.78% in 2006, which were 4.69%, 38.22%, and 14.18% in 2014, respectively. For vaccinated individuals, age was significantly correlated with anti-HBc in 2014 (40 < age ≤50 versus age ≤30, relative risk (RR) = 3.03, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.04–8.84). Gender [male versus female, RR = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.36–1.00 (2006); RR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.52–0.97 (2014)] and age (in 2006) were found to be significantly associated with single anti-HBs. For unvaccinated individuals, HBsAg positivity was statistically significant correlated with gender [RR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.04–2.06, in 2006], residence (urban versus rural, RR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.24–0.67, in 2006; RR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.34–0.99, in 2014), sharing syringes [RR = 3.75, 95%CI = 1.33–10.63 (in 2006); RR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.26–3.41 (in 2014)], infected wives (RR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.28–3.05, in 2006), and infected husbands (RR = 2.19, 95%CI = 1.25–3.82, in 2006). Anti-HBc positivity was significantly associated with gender [RR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.10–1.30 (in 2006); RR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.09–1.40 (in 2014)], age (in 2006 and 2014), endoscopic medicine treatment [RR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.03–1.32 (in 2006), RR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.01–1.45 (in 2014)], sharing syringes (RR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.25–1.64, in 2014), body piercing (RR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.75–0.93, in 2006), infected wives (RR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.18–1.47, in 2006), and infected husbands (RR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.22–1.59, in 2006). Anti-HBs positivity was associated with age (in 2006 and 2014). Conclusions: Prevalence of HBV infection was lower in 2014 than in 2006 according to HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity. Unvaccinated individuals faced much more risk of HBV infection than those of vaccinated.

Background: The thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is not included in the national immunization program and is administered voluntarily with informed consent in China. In preparation for assessing the impact of pilot introduction in Hainan Province, we conducted a carriage study among children under 5 years of age from four locations in Hainan Province, China. Methods: From March to June 2022, nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, collected from healthy children aged younger than 59 months who lived in the 4 different locations (Haikou, Wanning, Baisha and Qiongzhong) in Hainan Province, were tested for pneumococcus using conventional culture. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped using the Quellung reaction. Risk factors associated with pneumococcal colonization were assessed using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, daycare attendance and other factors. Results: Pneumococcus was isolated in 710 (30.4%) of the 2333 children enrolled. Of 737 pneumococci, 29 serotypes were identified; 60.9% were PCV13 serotypes; the most common vaccine serotypes were 6B (20.4%), 19F (13.0%), 6A (11.9%) and 23F (6.1%); and the most common nonvaccine serotypes were 23A (12.9%), 34 (6.1%) and nontypeable (NT) pneumococci (5.6%). Children vaccinated with PCV13 had lower carriage (17.7% vs 32.5%; P = 0.0001) and fewer PCV13 serotypes (41.9% vs 62.7%; P = 0.0017) compared to unimmunized children. After adjustment, NP carriage was higher among children attending daycare (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7–3.2), living in rural areas (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8), living with siblings (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6) and whose mothers had completed senior high/technical secondary school (aOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.0). In contrast, completion of 3–4 doses of PCV13 were associated with a lower carriage rate (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9). Conclusions: We established the baseline of pneumococcal carriage, serotype distribution and PCV13 immunization rates among healthy children under 5 years of age in Hainan Province, prior to the introduction of PCV13 into the national immunization program. The high proportion of PCV13 serotypes suggests that PCV13 introduction will likely have a substantial impact on pneumococcal carriage in Hainan Province. Graphical

Purpose: To investigate the baseline levels of serotype-specific IgG antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and assess their impact on the assessment of vaccine immunogenicity. Methods: We used a subset of serum samples from a randomized controlled trial. The blood of 584 healthy participants was collected on day 0 before and day 28 after the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination. Serotype-specific IgG against PPSV23-covered serotypes were measured by the World Health Organization (WHO) reference enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vaccine immunogenicity was compared using conversion rates (proportion of participants with IgG levels following immunization that are 2-fold greater than the baseline) and geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) between the two groups, which were grouped according to pre-vaccination (baseline) IgG antibody levels. Results: Our data showed that over half of individuals have baseline IgG levels for 15 out of 23 serotypes above 1.3 µg/mL, and geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were generally higher in the elderly group and the female group; significant differences were found in 15 serotypes for vaccine immunogenicity based on the seroconversion rate or GMFRs between individuals with baseline IgG ≥ 1.3 µg/mL and individuals with baseline IgG < 1.3 µg/mL. The seroconversion rate decreased with the increase of baseline IgG levels according to a linear regression model. Conclusions: The assessment of vaccine immunogenicity could be impacted by the fact that many adults had high baseline antibody levels. This study is registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number NCT05298800.