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UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation has been used as an effective tool to improve bioactive compound contents in controlled environments, such as plant factories. However, plant structure changes with growth progress induce different positional distributions of UV-B radiation interception, which cause difficulty in accurately evaluating the effects of UV-B on biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to quantitatively analyze the positional distributions of UV-B radiation interception and bioactive compound contents of kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) with growth progress and their relationships. Short-term moderate UV-B levels did not affect the plant growth and photosynthetic parameters. Spatial UV-B radiation interception was analyzed quantitatively by using 3D-scanned plant models and ray-tracing simulations. As growth progressed, the differences in absorbed UV-B energy between leaf positions were more pronounced. The concentrations of total phenolic compound (TPC) and total flavonoid compound (TFC) were higher with more cumulative absorbed UV-B energy. The cumulative UV energy yields for TFC were highest for the upper leaves of the older plants, while those for TPC were highest in the middle leaves of the younger plants. Despite the same UV-B levels, the UV-B radiation interception and UV-B susceptibility in the plants varied with leaf position and growth stage, which induced the different biosynthesis of TFC and TPC. This attempt to quantify the relationship between UV-B radiation interception and bioactive compound contents will contribute to the estimation and production of bioactive compounds in plant factories.
Hyo In Yoon; Hyun Young Kim; Jaewoo Kim; Jung Eek Son. Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception and Bioactive Compound Contents in Kale by Leaf Position According to Growth Progress. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleHyo In Yoon, Hyun Young Kim, Jaewoo Kim, Jung Eek Son. Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception and Bioactive Compound Contents in Kale by Leaf Position According to Growth Progress. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo In Yoon; Hyun Young Kim; Jaewoo Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2021. "Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception and Bioactive Compound Contents in Kale by Leaf Position According to Growth Progress." Frontiers in Plant Science 12, no. : 1.
An electrical conductivity (EC)-based closed-loop soilless culture system is practical for in-field deployment. Literature on the closed-loop soilless culture nutrient management premise the limitations in managing recycled nutrients under dynamic changes in individual nutrient uptake concentrations. However, recent systems analysis studies predicting solutions for nutrient fluctuation stabilization in EC-based closed-loop soilless culture systems suggest that the system may have a deterministic side in nutrient variation. This study aims to derive a nutrient control principle in an EC-based nutrient recycling soilless culture system by theoretical and experimental analyses. An integrated model of solutes such as K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ and water transport in growing media, automated nutrient solution preparation, and nutrient uptake was designed. In the simulation, the intrinsic characteristics of nutrient changes among open-, semi- closed-, and closed-loop soilless cultures were compared, and stochastic simulations for nutrient control were performed in the closed-loop system. Four automated irrigation modules for comparing nutrient changes among the soilless culture systems were constructed in the greenhouse. Sweet pepper plants were used in the experiment. In the experimental analysis, nutrient concentration conversion to the proportion between nutrients revealed distinctive trends of nutrient changes according to the treatment level of drainage recycling. Theoretical and experimental analyses exhibited that nutrient variations in open-, semi- closed-, and closed-loop soilless culture systems can be integrated as a function of nutrient supply to the system’s boundary areas. Furthermore, stochastic simulation analysis indicated that the nutrient ratio in the soilless culture system reveals the nutrient uptake parameter-based deterministic patterns. Thus, the nutrient ratio in the closed-loop soilless culture could be controlled by the long-term feedback of this ratio. We expect that these findings provide theoretical frameworks for systemizing nutrient management techniques in EC-based closed-loop soilless culture systems.
Tae In Ahn; Jong Hwa Shin; Jung Eek Son. Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Nutrient Control in Electrical Conductivity-Based Nutrient Recycling Soilless Culture System. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleTae In Ahn, Jong Hwa Shin, Jung Eek Son. Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Nutrient Control in Electrical Conductivity-Based Nutrient Recycling Soilless Culture System. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021; 12 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTae In Ahn; Jong Hwa Shin; Jung Eek Son. 2021. "Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Nutrient Control in Electrical Conductivity-Based Nutrient Recycling Soilless Culture System." Frontiers in Plant Science 12, no. : 1.
Mushroom cultivation generates a large amount of CO2 that can be used sustainably. The objective of this study was to use actual cultivation and simulation to find a sustainable cultivation method that uses the CO2 generated by king oyster mushrooms for the production of romaine lettuces. A closed cultivation system consisting of one mushroom chamber, three lettuce chambers, and one gas-mixing chamber was used. Two cultivation conditions, non-continuous and continuous, were analyzed. The non-continuous system cultivated 15 lettuces and 12 mushroom bottles at a time every 25 and 16 days, respectively. The continuous system cultivated three lettuces and mushroom bottles every five and four days, respectively, so that each chamber contained mushrooms or lettuces at each growth stage. The CO2 concentrations in the lettuce and mushroom chambers were stably maintained above 1000 μmol∙mol−1 and below 2000 μmol∙mol−1 in the continuous system. Mathematical models were developed to analyze the CO2 concentration in each chamber. The shoot dry weight of lettuces grown in the mixed cultivation were 48.0%, 21.9%, 19.7%, and 18.1% at 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after transplanting, respectively, higher than those in the lettuce-only cultivation. Compared to mushroom-only cultivation, mixed cultivation reduced the accumulated CO2 emissions into the air by 80.6%. Thus, using CO2 from mushrooms to cultivate lettuce in a continuous cultivation system could reduce CO2 emissions into the air and enable mixed cultivation of mushrooms and lettuces, achieving sustainable agriculture.
Dae-Ho Jung; Jung-Eek Son. CO2 Utilization Strategy for Sustainable Cultivation of Mushrooms and Lettuces. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5434 .
AMA StyleDae-Ho Jung, Jung-Eek Son. CO2 Utilization Strategy for Sustainable Cultivation of Mushrooms and Lettuces. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDae-Ho Jung; Jung-Eek Son. 2021. "CO2 Utilization Strategy for Sustainable Cultivation of Mushrooms and Lettuces." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5434.
Deep learning is the state-of-the-art application of machine learning in many fields, and this technology has also been applied in agriculture. A large quantity of data needs to be provided to the deep learning models in the training procedure; however, sufficient data may not be provided when considering agriculture applications. Transfer learning, which is a learning strategy for rapid and easy adaptation of a pre-trained model, can be a solution for limited agricultural data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to verify the adaptability of a pre-trained model that predicts the environmental variables of a greenhouse by retraining the model with data from a new cultivation condition, using the transfer learning technique. As a result, the transfer learning methodology was applied to five common deep learning models. Twenty-seven greenhouses (14 sweet peppers and 13 tomato cultivations) in various regions of South Korea provided the experimental dataset to this research. The analyzed environmental variables are the internal temperature, relative humidity, radiation, CO2 concentration, and external temperature. Before the transfer learning procedure is conducted, some layers from pre-trained models were replaced with new layers. The model was, thereafter, re-trained with a new test dataset. The best model in the training procedure was BiLSTM, resulting in an average R2 of 0.69. The models could predict the tendencies of the environmental changes, indicating that they were adequately trained. The most accurate deep-learning model considering the transfer dataset was the transferred BiLSTM, with an average R2 of 0.78 and 0.81 for sweet pepper and tomato datasets, respectively. The accuracies of most transferred models are higher than those of the corresponding deep-learning models. As a result, transfer learning can be used to adapt previously trained deep-learning models, enabling them to predict the microclimates of a greenhouse with scarce data. Furthermore, advanced transfer learning strategies would increase the performance of the transferred models analyzed in this study.
Taewon Moon; Jung Eek Son. Knowledge transfer for adapting pre-trained deep neural models to predict different greenhouse environments based on a low quantity of data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2021, 185, 106136 .
AMA StyleTaewon Moon, Jung Eek Son. Knowledge transfer for adapting pre-trained deep neural models to predict different greenhouse environments based on a low quantity of data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2021; 185 ():106136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewon Moon; Jung Eek Son. 2021. "Knowledge transfer for adapting pre-trained deep neural models to predict different greenhouse environments based on a low quantity of data." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 185, no. : 106136.
Hyo In Yoon; Jun Hyeun Kang; Doyeon Kim; Jung Eek Son. Seedling Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristic of Vegetables Grown Under a Spectrum Conversion Film. Journal of Bio-Environment Control 2021, 30, 110 -117.
AMA StyleHyo In Yoon, Jun Hyeun Kang, Doyeon Kim, Jung Eek Son. Seedling Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristic of Vegetables Grown Under a Spectrum Conversion Film. Journal of Bio-Environment Control. 2021; 30 (2):110-117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo In Yoon; Jun Hyeun Kang; Doyeon Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2021. "Seedling Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristic of Vegetables Grown Under a Spectrum Conversion Film." Journal of Bio-Environment Control 30, no. 2: 110-117.
Greenhouses require accurate and reliable data to interpret the microclimate and maximize resource use efficiency. However, greenhouse conditions are harsh for electrical sensors collecting environmental data. Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) enable complex interpretation by multiplying the input data. The objective of this study was to impute missing tabular data collected from several greenhouses using a ConvNet architecture called U-Net. Various data-loss conditions with errors in individual sensors and in all sensors were assumed. The U-Net with a screen size of 50 exhibited the highest coefficient of determination values and the lowest root-mean-square errors for all environmental factors used in this study. U-Net50 correctly learned the changing patterns of the greenhouse environment from the training dataset. Therefore, the U-Net architecture can be used for the imputation of tabular data in greenhouses if the model is correctly trained. Growers can secure data integrity with imputed data, which could increase crop productivity and quality in greenhouses.
Taewon Moon; Joon Lee; Jung Son. Accurate Imputation of Greenhouse Environment Data for Data Integrity Utilizing Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks. Sensors 2021, 21, 2187 .
AMA StyleTaewon Moon, Joon Lee, Jung Son. Accurate Imputation of Greenhouse Environment Data for Data Integrity Utilizing Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks. Sensors. 2021; 21 (6):2187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewon Moon; Joon Lee; Jung Son. 2021. "Accurate Imputation of Greenhouse Environment Data for Data Integrity Utilizing Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks." Sensors 21, no. 6: 2187.
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) acts as a regulatory stimulus, inducing the dose-dependent biosynthesis of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids at the leaf level. However, the heterogeneity of biosynthesis activation generated within a whole plant is not fully understood until now and cannot be interpreted without quantification of UV-B radiation interception. In this study, we analyzed the spatial UV-B radiation interception of kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. Acephala) grown under supplemental UV-B LED using ray-tracing simulation with 3-dimension-scanned models and leaf optical properties. The UV-B-induced phenolic compounds and flavonoids accumulated more, with higher UV-B interception and younger leaves. To distinguish the effects of UV-B energy and leaf developmental age, the contents were regressed separately and simultaneously. The effect of intercepted UV-B on flavonoid content was 4.9-fold that of leaf age, but the effects on phenolic compound biosynthesis were similar. This study confirmed the feasibility and relevance of UV-B radiation interception analysis and paves the way to explore the physical and physiological base determining the intraindividual distribution of phenolic compound in controlled environments.
Hyo Yoon; Hyun Kim; Jaewoo Kim; Myung-Min Oh; Jung Son. Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception in 3D Plant Structures and Intraindividual Distribution of Phenolic Contents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 2701 .
AMA StyleHyo Yoon, Hyun Kim, Jaewoo Kim, Myung-Min Oh, Jung Son. Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception in 3D Plant Structures and Intraindividual Distribution of Phenolic Contents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (5):2701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo Yoon; Hyun Kim; Jaewoo Kim; Myung-Min Oh; Jung Son. 2021. "Quantitative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Interception in 3D Plant Structures and Intraindividual Distribution of Phenolic Contents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2701.
Artemisia princeps (Ganghwa wormwood) is a medicinal plant that produces two major flavonoids, eupatilin and jaceosidin, which are used in the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcers. A. princeps is primarily field cultivated, which has some drawbacks, including only one cultivation period per year and variations in flavonoid production due to environmental changes. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of seasonal light variation and artificial light treatments on the growth and flavonoid production of A. princeps grown in greenhouses for year-round production. The plants were cultivated and harvested nine times in one year under natural seasonal light conditions in greenhouses. During the winter growth period (when natural light is substantially lower), four artificial light treatments were applied during two cultivation periods, from September 2016 to January 2017: supplemental light, night interruption, low light, and low light with night interruption. The plants grown under the natural light condition in greenhouses were used as a control. After harvest, the growth of the plants was measured, and the contents of eupatilin and jaceosidin were determined. The plants had the highest biomass when the accumulated radiation and duration were highest. The growth and flavonoid production were significantly associated with accumulated radiation and light duration. The supplemental light and night interruption treatments resulted in significantly higher biomass and flavonoid production, with the night interruption treatment requiring less energy input than the supplemental light treatment. Therefore, for consistent biomass and flavonoid production of A. princeps, a night interruption treatment is suggested in greenhouse cultivation during low irradiation and short days (less than 13 h).
Joon Woo Lee; Zeesoo Han; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. Effects of seasonal light variation and artificial light treatments on growth and flavonoid production of Artemisia princeps cultivated in greenhouses. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 2021, 62, 253 -261.
AMA StyleJoon Woo Lee, Zeesoo Han, Woo Hyun Kang, Jung Eek Son. Effects of seasonal light variation and artificial light treatments on growth and flavonoid production of Artemisia princeps cultivated in greenhouses. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 2021; 62 (2):253-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoon Woo Lee; Zeesoo Han; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. 2021. "Effects of seasonal light variation and artificial light treatments on growth and flavonoid production of Artemisia princeps cultivated in greenhouses." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 62, no. 2: 253-261.
The photosynthetic rates of leaves depend on the vertical position and cultivation conditions. However, few models have been proposed to express photosynthesis according to leaf position, and there was a lack of quantitative analysis between physiological indicators and model parameters. The objectives of this study were to analyze the leaf photosynthetic characteristics of paprika plants according to leaf vertical position using photosynthesis models, and to analyze the relationship between the total nitrogen content and the photosynthetic model parameters. Leaf photosynthetic rates at different vertical positions were measured under varying light intensities and CO2 concentrations in triplicate. Rectangular hyperbola and FvCB (Farquhar, von Caemmerer, and Berry) models were selected, calibrated, and validated as multivariable photosynthesis models. Total nitrogen contents and SPAD values were measured at each leaf position and the coefficients of the photosynthetic rate models were compared. The R2 values for the rectangular hyperbola and FvCB models were 0.86 and 0.91, and the RMSE values were 4.651 and 2.104, respectively. Total nitrogen content linearly increased with increasing vertical leaf position and it was linearly related to the maximum carboxylation capacity and maximum electron transport rate, estimated in the FvCB model. In this study, the FvCB model was considered more suitable for expressing the relationship between total nitrogen contents and plant’s physiological responses according to the vertical position of leaves. The vertical leaf photosynthetic rate models established in this study will contribute to determining optimal environmental conditions for maximizing crop photosynthesis and establish the criteria for precise CO2 enrichment in greenhouses.
Dae Ho Jung; Inha Hwang; Jiyong Shin; Jung Eek Son. Analysis of leaf photosynthetic rates of hydroponically-grown paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) plants according to vertical position with multivariable photosynthesis models. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 2020, 62, 41 -51.
AMA StyleDae Ho Jung, Inha Hwang, Jiyong Shin, Jung Eek Son. Analysis of leaf photosynthetic rates of hydroponically-grown paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) plants according to vertical position with multivariable photosynthesis models. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 2020; 62 (1):41-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDae Ho Jung; Inha Hwang; Jiyong Shin; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Analysis of leaf photosynthetic rates of hydroponically-grown paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) plants according to vertical position with multivariable photosynthesis models." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 62, no. 1: 41-51.
Diffuse fraction, which can be increased by using diffuse films, has been considered to influence light interception and photosynthesis of crops in greenhouses. However, quantifying the influence of diffuse films is challenging owing to the complicated optical interactions between climatic factors inside and outside greenhouses. Thus, versatile methods for evaluating the effect of diffuse films are required. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diffuse films on the improvement of the light profile and photosynthesis of tomatoes in greenhouses according to film diffuseness and regional solar radiation using ray-tracing simulation. The structural and optical properties of the greenhouse components were applied in a 3D-framework combined with a ray-tracing module. The light transmission patterns of diffuse films and solar radiation properties were incorporated. The reliability of the simulation was confirmed by comparing measured and estimated irradiances inside greenhouses covered with films having different haze factors. For scenarios, the diffuse film efficiency was assessed under typically different solar radiations, a low irradiance, high diffuse radiation fraction (LIHD) and a high irradiance, low diffuse radiation fraction (HILD). The light interception was estimated through the simulation and used to calculate the photosynthesis using the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model. The simulation was found to be reliable with R2 of 0.95 and 0.94 for the two greenhouses covered with different diffuse films. The light distribution on the tomato plants were less affected by film diffuseness under LIHD than HILD. With increasing film diffuseness, carbon uptake and light use efficiency increased by 5.30% and 4.58% under HILD, but did not change under LIHD. The light distribution and photosynthesis in diffuse film-covered greenhouses under different light environments could be reasonably estimated by the simulation. Thus, this method can be used to evaluate the applicability of diffuse films to various regions with diverse meteorological characteristics.
Jiyong Shin; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Taewon Moon; Jaewoo Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. Evaluation of the light profile and carbon assimilation of tomato plants in greenhouses with respect to film diffuseness and regional solar radiation using ray-tracing simulation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2020, 296, 108219 .
AMA StyleJiyong Shin, Inha Hwang, DongPil Kim, Taewon Moon, Jaewoo Kim, Woo Hyun Kang, Jung Eek Son. Evaluation of the light profile and carbon assimilation of tomato plants in greenhouses with respect to film diffuseness and regional solar radiation using ray-tracing simulation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 296 ():108219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiyong Shin; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Taewon Moon; Jaewoo Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Evaluation of the light profile and carbon assimilation of tomato plants in greenhouses with respect to film diffuseness and regional solar radiation using ray-tracing simulation." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 296, no. : 108219.
Spectrum conversion film (SCF) is a covering material that modifies incident solar spectrum to more-active wavelengths in photosynthesis. Due to its fluorescence property, the performance of SCF cannot be accurately evaluated in a conventional way for agricultural films. We proposed quantitative methods to evaluate the conversion performance of SCF and tested the plant responses. The performance of GR films [green light (500–600 nm) to red light (600–700 nm)] containing different concentrations of dye (40–3000 ppm) was tested in comparison to a transparent film (control). A method for estimating light emission was developed using a series of equations and values measured under artificial lighting. The spectral properties and photosynthetic rates of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves covered with the GR film were measured using a solar simulator. The emission of GR film was detected using a spectroradiometer connected to an integrating sphere instead of using a spectrophotometer used in the conventional method. The transmittance of GR film and its change rate of transmitted photon flux densities at emission wavelength differed depending on the light source. The change rate calculated through the equations was constant within the target spectrum and could be used as a basis for conversion performance. The solar spectrum modified by the GR film caused to increase the red light reaching the leaves by 10.47% and thereby increased the photosynthetic rates by 15.41% compared to the control. The photosynthetic efficiency based on incident and absorbed photons under the GR film increased by 22.14% and 21.87%, respectively. These methods were proposed for quantifying spectral properties of SCF under the solar spectrum, confirming the application of solar simulator for photosynthetic evaluation. When used as a standard light source for SCF, a solar simulator provides indoor test conditions with a spectrum similar to solar radiation without long-term cultivation or a large-scale film test.
Hyo In Yoon; Jin Hyun Kim; Kyoung Sub Park; Jin Woong Namgoong; Tae Gyu Hwang; Jae Pil Kim; Jung Eek Son. Quantitative methods for evaluating the conversion performance of spectrum conversion films and testing plant responses under simulated solar conditions. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 2020, 61, 999 -1009.
AMA StyleHyo In Yoon, Jin Hyun Kim, Kyoung Sub Park, Jin Woong Namgoong, Tae Gyu Hwang, Jae Pil Kim, Jung Eek Son. Quantitative methods for evaluating the conversion performance of spectrum conversion films and testing plant responses under simulated solar conditions. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 2020; 61 (6):999-1009.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo In Yoon; Jin Hyun Kim; Kyoung Sub Park; Jin Woong Namgoong; Tae Gyu Hwang; Jae Pil Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Quantitative methods for evaluating the conversion performance of spectrum conversion films and testing plant responses under simulated solar conditions." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 61, no. 6: 999-1009.
In plant factories, light is fully controllable for crop production but involves a cost. For efficient lighting, light use efficiency (LUE) should be considered as part of light environment design. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and interpret the light interception, photosynthetic rate, and LUE of lettuces under electrical lights using ray-tracing simulation. The crop architecture model was constructed by 3D scanning, and ray-tracing simulation was used to interpret light interception and photosynthesis. For evaluation of simulation reliability, measured light intensities and photosynthetic rates in a growth chamber were compared with those obtained by simulation at different planting densities. Under several scenarios modeling various factors affecting light environments, changes in light interception and LUE were interpreted. The light intensities and photosynthetic rates obtained by simulation showed good agreement with the measured values, with R2 > 0.86. With decreasing planting density, the light interception of the central plant increased by approximately 18.7%, but that of neighboring plants decreased by approximately 5.5%. Under the various scenarios, shorter lighting distances induced more heterogenetic light distribution on plants and caused lower light interception. Under a homogenous light distribution, the light intensity was optimal at approximately 360 μmol m−2 s−1 with an LUE of 6.5 g MJ−1. The results of this study can provide conceptual insights into the design of light environments in plant factories.
Jaewoo Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. Interpretation and Evaluation of Electrical Lighting in Plant Factories with Ray-Tracing Simulation and 3D Plant Modeling. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1545 .
AMA StyleJaewoo Kim, Woo Hyun Kang, Jung Eek Son. Interpretation and Evaluation of Electrical Lighting in Plant Factories with Ray-Tracing Simulation and 3D Plant Modeling. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (10):1545.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaewoo Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Interpretation and Evaluation of Electrical Lighting in Plant Factories with Ray-Tracing Simulation and 3D Plant Modeling." Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1545.
Taewon Moon; Junyoung Park; Jung Eek Son. Estimation of Sweet Pepper Crop Fresh Weight with Convolutional Neural Network. Protected horticulture and Plant Factory 2020, 29, 381 -387.
AMA StyleTaewon Moon, Junyoung Park, Jung Eek Son. Estimation of Sweet Pepper Crop Fresh Weight with Convolutional Neural Network. Protected horticulture and Plant Factory. 2020; 29 (4):381-387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewon Moon; Junyoung Park; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Estimation of Sweet Pepper Crop Fresh Weight with Convolutional Neural Network." Protected horticulture and Plant Factory 29, no. 4: 381-387.
Plant structure is a significant factor for influencing the light interception and photosynthesis of plants. The light interception on the plant surface can be analyzed by three-dimensional (3D) plant model and optical simulation, but its accuracy is directly affected by the structural accuracy of the 3D model. This study aims to analyze and compare the effect of the accuracy of 3D structural models on light interception and photosynthesis. 3D-scanned plant models with different structural accuracies were constructed, and the light interception and photosynthetic rate were analyzed at single leaf and whole-plant scales. When using a low accuracy model that lacked the fine structural details of the plant, it was overestimated in light interception and photosynthetic rate compared to the 3D-scanned model that has high structural accuracy. At the single leaf scale, the light interception was higher in the low-accuracy model than that in the 3D-scanned model due to self-shadings from higher curvature in the leaf surface. At the whole-plant scale, the light interception and the subsequent photosynthetic rate in the low-accuracy model were 18% and 45 to 58% higher than those in the 3D-scanned model at light intensities of 700–2000 μmol m−2 s−1 at the upper canopy. The 3D-scanned plant model could accurately estimate the light interception and photosynthetic rate of the plants through optical simulation. The presented methodology can contribute to accurate analyses of plant light environment, plant physiological response, and plant growth modelling.
DongPil Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Inha Hwang; Jaewoo Kim; Jin Hyun Kim; Kyoung Sub Park; Jung Eek Son. Use of structurally-accurate 3D plant models for estimating light interception and photosynthesis of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020, 177, 105689 .
AMA StyleDongPil Kim, Woo Hyun Kang, Inha Hwang, Jaewoo Kim, Jin Hyun Kim, Kyoung Sub Park, Jung Eek Son. Use of structurally-accurate 3D plant models for estimating light interception and photosynthesis of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2020; 177 ():105689.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongPil Kim; Woo Hyun Kang; Inha Hwang; Jaewoo Kim; Jin Hyun Kim; Kyoung Sub Park; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Use of structurally-accurate 3D plant models for estimating light interception and photosynthesis of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 177, no. : 105689.
Although plant responses to artificial lighting spectra often produce abnormal morphogenesis and reduced productivity, no quantification method to determine how plants perceive and respond to light has been available. Our objective in this study was to test whether a plant’s spectral perception can be quantified using the light absorption of its major photoreceptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, and phototropin. We developed an artificial solar lamp and three different light sources, based on a high-pressure sodium lamp, a fluorescent lamp, and red and blue light-emitting diodes, whose absorption by photoreceptors was equal to that of the standard solar spectrum. Cucumber plants grown under the artificial solar and developed light sources showed normal photomorphogenesis and were indistinguishable from each other. Plants grown under unmodified commercial light sources had abnormal photomorphogenesis that made them short and small. The photosynthetic rate was higher under the unmodified light sources; however, dry masses were highest under the artificial solar and modified light sources, indicating that the cucumber plants are optimized to the solar spectrum. Our results clearly demonstrate that the spectral perceptions of plants can be quantified using the light absorption of their photoreceptors, not visual color or spectra. We expect that our findings will contribute to a better understanding of plant perceptions of and responses to light quality, and improve the productivity of plants cultivated under artificial light.
Woo Hyun Kang; Jaewoo Kim; Hyo In Yoon; Jung Eek Son. Quantification of Spectral Perception of Plants with Light Absorption of Photoreceptors. Plants 2020, 9, 556 .
AMA StyleWoo Hyun Kang, Jaewoo Kim, Hyo In Yoon, Jung Eek Son. Quantification of Spectral Perception of Plants with Light Absorption of Photoreceptors. Plants. 2020; 9 (5):556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoo Hyun Kang; Jaewoo Kim; Hyo In Yoon; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Quantification of Spectral Perception of Plants with Light Absorption of Photoreceptors." Plants 9, no. 5: 556.
Joon Woo Lee; Woo Hyun Kang; Taewon Moon; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Jung Eek Son. Correction to: Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 2020, 61, 431 -431.
AMA StyleJoon Woo Lee, Woo Hyun Kang, Taewon Moon, Inha Hwang, DongPil Kim, Jung Eek Son. Correction to: Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 2020; 61 (2):431-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoon Woo Lee; Woo Hyun Kang; Taewon Moon; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Correction to: Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 61, no. 2: 431-431.
Among abiotic stresses, both drought and UV-B radiation effectively trigger the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and can be widely applied in plant factories. The objectives of this study were to investigate antioxidant accumulation under drought stress alone, or in combination with UV-B radiation near harvest, and to determine an optimal treatment time for maximum antioxidant production. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) plants were grown in a plant factory and harvested at 42 days after transplanting. The single and combination treatments lasted for 7 to 1 days and 4 to 2 days before harvest, respectively. The results of both Fv/Fm (maximal photochemical efficiency in photosystem II) and leaf water potential could ensure the function of photosynthesis and maintain normal leaf moisture in single drought treatments of less than 4 days. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were significantly increased in both single and combination treatments for 3 to 4 days, compared to other treatments. The supplementary UV-B treatments showed no extra formation of antioxidants compared to the single drought treatments. As a result, drought for 3 days before harvest could achieve the highest potential value of kale as a source of natural antioxidants.
Hyo In Yoon; Wenjuan Zhang; Jung Eek Son. Optimal Duration of Drought Stress Near Harvest for Promoting Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Kale with or without UV-B Radiation in Plant Factories. Plants 2020, 9, 295 .
AMA StyleHyo In Yoon, Wenjuan Zhang, Jung Eek Son. Optimal Duration of Drought Stress Near Harvest for Promoting Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Kale with or without UV-B Radiation in Plant Factories. Plants. 2020; 9 (3):295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo In Yoon; Wenjuan Zhang; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Optimal Duration of Drought Stress Near Harvest for Promoting Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Kale with or without UV-B Radiation in Plant Factories." Plants 9, no. 3: 295.
UV‐B irradiation has been used to enhance the secondary metabolite content in plants, but its spatial effect on plants has not been considered. The objective of this study was to compare spatial photosynthetic traits and bioactive compound accumulation in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var Acephala) according to the distribution and length of UV‐B exposure near harvest. Plants were exposed to UV‐B of 0‐3, 3‐6, and 6‐9 W m‐2 for 4 h per day at 5 days (Exp. 1) and 4.2 W m‐2 at 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 days (Exp. 2) before harvest. In spatial distribution, the higher the UV‐B intensity, the lower the mean Fv/Fm (maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII) and the higher the concentration of total flavonoid compound (TFC). With UV‐B stress, Fv/Fm and fluorescence transient parameters decreased except for DI0/CS (dissipated energy flux per cross section) and PIabs (performance index of PSII). When exposed to UV‐B radiation for 2 days before harvest, the total phenolic compounds and TFC per plant were highest, not always proportional to the local Fv/Fm but affected by dry weight. Short‐term UV‐B stress near harvest would be more efficient for the accumulation of bioactive compounds by minimizing the loss of plant weight.
Hyo In Yoon; Damin Kim; Jung Eek Son. Spatial and Temporal Bioactive Compound Contents and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Kale ( Brassica oleracea L.) Under UV‐B Exposure Near Harvest Time in Controlled Environments. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2020, 96, 845 -852.
AMA StyleHyo In Yoon, Damin Kim, Jung Eek Son. Spatial and Temporal Bioactive Compound Contents and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Kale ( Brassica oleracea L.) Under UV‐B Exposure Near Harvest Time in Controlled Environments. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2020; 96 (4):845-852.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo In Yoon; Damin Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Spatial and Temporal Bioactive Compound Contents and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Kale ( Brassica oleracea L.) Under UV‐B Exposure Near Harvest Time in Controlled Environments." Photochemistry and Photobiology 96, no. 4: 845-852.
The leaf area index (LAI), which represents crop growth characteristics, is used to calculate canopy photosynthetic rates, set irrigation standards, and predict crop growth. The LAI can be non-destructively and continuously estimated using the light-intensity ratio of the upper and lower crop canopy, but it is affected by solar altitude and external weather conditions. The objective of this study was to develop a method to estimate the LAI of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) using the light-intensity ratio of the upper and lower crop canopy via solar altitude and weather conditions. Growth stages and weather conditions with solar altitude were set using 3D-scanned plant models and ray-tracing simulation, respectively. The light intensities at each location of the canopy for given conditions were calculated using ray-tracing simulation. The relationship between the light-intensity ratio and the LAI was analyzed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm, which is a type of artificial neural network. According to our results, the ratio varied depending on solar altitude and external weather conditions and exponentially decreased with increasing LAI. This LSTM algorithmic approach was able to quantitatively analyze this complex relationship; compared with a greenhouse experiment for validation, the algorithm was highly accurate (R2 = 0.808). Accuracy further increased when solar altitude and weather conditions were added to the model. Therefore, we conclude that, using this method, the LAI can be accurately measured in a non-destructive and continuous manner.
Joon Woo Lee; Woo Hyun Kang; Taewon Moon; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Jung Eek Son. Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 2020, 61, 255 -265.
AMA StyleJoon Woo Lee, Woo Hyun Kang, Taewon Moon, Inha Hwang, DongPil Kim, Jung Eek Son. Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 2020; 61 (2):255-265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoon Woo Lee; Woo Hyun Kang; Taewon Moon; Inha Hwang; DongPil Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "Estimating the leaf area index of bell peppers according to growth stage using ray-tracing simulation and a long short-term memory algorithm." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 61, no. 2: 255-265.
Dae Ho Jung; Tae Young Kim; Jung Eek Son. 생육 챔버를 이용하여 광도 및 이산화탄소 농도 변수를 갖는 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 군락 광합성 곡선의 효율적 도출 방법. Protected horticulture and Plant Factory 2020, 29, 43 -51.
AMA StyleDae Ho Jung, Tae Young Kim, Jung Eek Son. 생육 챔버를 이용하여 광도 및 이산화탄소 농도 변수를 갖는 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 군락 광합성 곡선의 효율적 도출 방법. Protected horticulture and Plant Factory. 2020; 29 (1):43-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDae Ho Jung; Tae Young Kim; Jung Eek Son. 2020. "생육 챔버를 이용하여 광도 및 이산화탄소 농도 변수를 갖는 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 군락 광합성 곡선의 효율적 도출 방법." Protected horticulture and Plant Factory 29, no. 1: 43-51.