Eastern Africa is a relatively dry area, with a considerable pastoralist population, which is among the poorest segments of society. Pastoralism is a form of subsistence lifestyle, and while pastoralists produce a large proportion of the region’s livestock products, they are not covered well by statistical recording. Pastoralists are experts in keeping livestock in arid rangelands, but they often suffer from land alienation, environmental degradation, and conflict with other land use intentions. The semiarid rangelands in Eastern Africa are home to spectacular savanna wildlife populations, attracting substantial conservation and tourism revenues. Estimations indicate that pastoralism generates significant economic values in the national income due to livestock production and maintenance of tourism attractions. To assess this contribution, the concept of total economic valuation (TEV) is applied. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the contribution of pastoralism to the tourism-related GDP of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, where considerable numbers of pastoralists live. Because of the lack of statistical data on pastoralism, the second objective is to construct a database of indicators that measure the extent of pastoralism for these countries for 2004, 2014, and 2018. The methodology includes the construction of the above database using secondary sources, and then to apply correlation and regression analysis on this database and the economic and tourism performance data series of the studied four countries. The results of the analysis showed that the extent of pastoralism is positively related to GDP and to value added by tourism and agriculture, and international tourism receipts are positively related to pastoralism’s contribution to GDP. The tourism competitiveness index (TTCI) was found to be negatively related to the size of the pastoralism sector. The policy implications of our findings are that pastoralist societies are increasingly important not only for their marketed economic output, but for their services provided to tourism and to the environment; therefore, instead of neglecting them, they should be more in the focus of development.

Every economic sector is susceptible to the direct or indirect effects of weather variability, and the tourism sector is no exception. In fact, the tourism industry is considered to be more vulnerable to the effects of weather variability than the general economy, with changes in weather patterns, extreme events, and environmental degradation offering substantial obstacles. Ethiopia’s tourism industry, like many others, faces challenges from weather variability. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of weather variability on Ethiopia’s international tourism receipts. Utilizing data from 1995 to 2019, the research employs a vector error correction model to analyze the relationships between weather variables (temperature, rainfall), economic factors (GDP growth, inflation), political stability, and tourist arrivals. The findings reveal that in the long run, higher temperatures, rainfall, and inflation have negative impacts on tourism receipts, while political stability and past tourist arrivals have positive effects. Short-term trends mirror these, with the addition of GDP growth not showing a significant impact. To ensure the sustainability of tourism in Ethiopia, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding weather’s influence, developing adaptation strategies, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

This study was conducted in Sawena district, located in the Eastern Bale Zone of Ethiopia, with the aim of analyzing climate variability and identifying adaptation strategies. Secondary data covering the period from 1984 to 2023 were utilized, along with structured and unstructured questionnaires. Primary data were gathered from 350 pastoralist households across six kebeles through a household survey. This study used the Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, the coefficient of variation, descriptive statistics, and a multivariate probit model to analyze climate variability and adaptation strategies. The Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and coefficient of variation analysis results showed significant rainfall increases in September, October, and November, with high winter variability and an upward autumn trend. Temperature analysis revealed consistent warming, with the greatest increases in September (0.049 °C/year) and summer (0.038 °C/year), and an annual mean rise of 0.034 °C per year, indicating climate shifts affecting pastoralist and agro-pastoral livelihood strategies and water resources that lead the area toward vulnerability. The descriptive results indicated that pastoralist households have adopted various adaptation strategies: 45.1% participate in seasonal livestock migration, 26.3% rely on productive safety net programs, 19% pursue livelihood diversification, and 9.7% engage in agroforestry. Multivariate analysis indicates that education, age, credit access, livestock ownership, asset value, and media exposure influence these strategies. The findings highlight the importance of policies to enhance climate resilience through diversification, sustainable land management, and improved access to resources like credit and markets, alongside strengthened education and targeted extension services.

Measuring agricultural growth and variability is key to tracking output changes. East African wheat production is below its potential, with limited data and analysis over time. As a result, this study examines the growth patterns, variability, and instability of wheat production in East Africa, specifically in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania, between 1993 and 2023. To analyse and estimate wheat production trends, instability with regional disparity, and decomposition across East Africa's top wheat‐producing countries, a 30‐year data series with different secondary data, mostly the FAOSTAT database, was divided into three sub‐periods: Period I (1993/94‐2002/03), Period II (2003/04‐2012/13) and Period III (2013/14‐2022/23), even though compound growth rates, a semi‐logarithmic trend model, a differential equation approach for decomposition analysis, and the Cuddy‐Della Valle Index were utilised. Wheat production and productivity in Eastern Africa exhibited a general upward trend, primarily attributed to land expansion rather than breakthroughs in yield. Ethiopia became the leading producer, whereas Uganda has shown consistent and significant growth. Conversely, Kenya and Tanzania experienced decreasing trends in productivity within cultivated areas. Instability analysis indicates that Uganda exhibited the highest stability in production at 7.32%, whereas Rwanda and Tanzania taught greater volatility, with rates of 46.74% and 32.15%, respectively. The decomposition analysis reveals that the increase in farming areas contributed to 73.1% of the recent production growth. East African countries must prioritise productivity‐enhancing wheat production by implementing modern farming technologies, employing improved varieties, increasing irrigation, and encouraging climate‐resilient practices to ensure sustainability and improve regional food security, regional trade connectivity and for further encroachment of East Africa community.

As climate change intensifies environmental and governance challenges worldwide, digital transformation and human capital development have emerged as important pathways for strengthening climate resilience, adaptive capacity, and sustainable governance systems. This study analyses the determinants of climate resilience and the temporal effects of global shocks on climate resilience across 18 European countries (2018–2024) using data from the World Bank, the Worldwide Governance Indicators, and the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) database, utilizing a fixed-effects panel regression model. The results indicate that government effectiveness and higher education have a significant and positive association with climate resilience in this order of magnitude. Specifically, government effectiveness reflects the strongest positive relationship to resilience, while higher education strengthens adaptive capacity by fostering human capital, innovation, and climate awareness. In contrast, internet access, digital public services and urbanization showed statistically insignificant relationships, demonstrating that digital availability alone does not automatically drive resilience. GDP per capita was negatively associated with resilience but also lacked statistical significance, indicating that economic growth alone cannot guarantee climate adaptability. Overall, the findings emphasize that strong institutions and human capital, rather than economic growth or basic digitalization alone, drive Europe’s climate resilience, suggesting that integrated governance and education strategies are necessary to ensure long-term climate adaptation capacity.