Despite being highly dependent on erratic rainfall and frequently affected by drought and low productivity, agriculture remains the dominant economic activity in Ethiopia. The use of Climate-Smart Agriculture technologies can improve farming productivity, make it more resilient, and help fight climate change by using five Climate-Smart Agriculture practices: growing different crops, raising different animals, using irrigation, planting trees alongside crops, and applying chemical fertilizers in selected areas. Data were collected from 236 households using a multistage sampling technique and gathered through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, the multivariate probit model revealed that key determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture adoption included the gender of the household head, education level, farm size, income, access to irrigation, availability of credit, extension services, and farming experience. To advance crop and livestock diversification, policymakers should expand irrigation infrastructure, strengthen extension services, and integrate climate-smart advisory programs. Promoting irrigation adoption requires improved access to credit, timely climate information via SMS, farmer training, and targeted awareness campaigns for experienced farmers. There is also clear evidence of complementarity and trade-offs in the adoption of multiple Climate-Smart Agriculture practices in the study area.

Measuring agricultural growth and variability is key to tracking output changes. East African wheat production is below its potential, with limited data and analysis over time. As a result, this study examines the growth patterns, variability, and instability of wheat production in East Africa, specifically in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania, between 1993 and 2023. To analyse and estimate wheat production trends, instability with regional disparity, and decomposition across East Africa's top wheat‐producing countries, a 30‐year data series with different secondary data, mostly the FAOSTAT database, was divided into three sub‐periods: Period I (1993/94‐2002/03), Period II (2003/04‐2012/13) and Period III (2013/14‐2022/23), even though compound growth rates, a semi‐logarithmic trend model, a differential equation approach for decomposition analysis, and the Cuddy‐Della Valle Index were utilised. Wheat production and productivity in Eastern Africa exhibited a general upward trend, primarily attributed to land expansion rather than breakthroughs in yield. Ethiopia became the leading producer, whereas Uganda has shown consistent and significant growth. Conversely, Kenya and Tanzania experienced decreasing trends in productivity within cultivated areas. Instability analysis indicates that Uganda exhibited the highest stability in production at 7.32%, whereas Rwanda and Tanzania taught greater volatility, with rates of 46.74% and 32.15%, respectively. The decomposition analysis reveals that the increase in farming areas contributed to 73.1% of the recent production growth. East African countries must prioritise productivity‐enhancing wheat production by implementing modern farming technologies, employing improved varieties, increasing irrigation, and encouraging climate‐resilient practices to ensure sustainability and improve regional food security, regional trade connectivity and for further encroachment of East Africa community.

Wheat remains an essential food crop globally, including Ethiopia, although production has to face many challenges. Where domestic production lags demand, wheat farming guarantees food security and promotes economic development in Ethiopia. Due to limited precipitation, irrigation is an essential component of wheat production in the country. The Ethiopian government started structural, economic, and sectoral changes in 2019, designating wheat as a strategic commodity to promote agro-industry, lower imports, turn toward exports, and create jobs across the value chain. Ethiopia's wheat production in 2022/23 exceeded 7.2 million metric tons, a 23%–27% (1.3–1.5 million) increase in the area cultivated over more than 2.3 million hectares, 15%–18% (0.3–0.4 million) increase in productivity, and estimated 3.0 metric tons per hectare. Even with these advances, the full potential has not yet been realized since irrigation development has not been applied to its best advantage. This study explores the current situation regarding irrigated wheat production, based on a thorough survey of the relevant literature and on secondary data evaluated by descriptive statistical methods. Results suggest, that improving smallholder farmers' output through irrigation, increased technical knowledge, changes in governmental frameworks, and investments in irrigation infrastructure can contribute to self-sufficiency of the country under current and future climate change conditions.

Climate volatility poses a critical threat to global food security, yet the differential impacts of seasonal weather anomalies on diverse staple crops remain poorly understood. This study analyses a nearly balanced panel dataset spanning 64 years (1961–2024) across 20 major cassava- and wheat-producing countries to evaluate the impacts of quarterly temperature and precipitation anomalies on yields. Methodologically, the research integrates machine learning (random forest) to capture non-linear thresholds with Mundlak-type Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) to effectively isolate long-term regional climate features from short-term annual weather shocks. The empirical results reveal a stark contrast in climate vulnerability between the two staples. Wheat is highly sensitive to weather. Sudden heat waves between June and August disrupt its growth, while warmer temperatures from September to November lead to lower long-term yields. In contrast, cassava handles yearly weather changes much better and shows no major damage from single-year shocks, though warmer temperatures from March to May historically reduce its yield. However, cassava’s structural productivity is heavily constrained by long-term regional climate characteristics and indicates that permanent shifts in regional climate regimes alter its vegetative dynamics. The formal Mundlak test robustly rejects standard random effects specifications, confirming that ignoring unobserved country heterogeneity introduces substantial statistical bias. In conclusion, while cassava serves as a resilient buffer crop against immediate seasonal weather volatility, permanent shifts in long-term climate baselines threaten the future yield security of both crops, necessitating target-oriented, climate-smart agronomic interventions rather than extensive land expansion.