The interest in the potential therapeutic use of cannabis, especially cannabidiol (CBD), has increased significantly in recent years. On the Internet, users can find lots of articles devoted to its medical features such as reducing seizure activity in epilepsy. The aim of our work was to evaluate the information contained on the websites, including social media, in terms of the credibility and the reliability of current knowledge about the usage of products containing cannabidiol in epilepsy treatment. We used online available links found using the Newspointtool. The initial database included 38,367 texts, but after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 314 texts were taken into consideration. Analysis was performed using the DISCERN scale and the set of questions created by the authors. In the final assessment, we observed that most of the texts (58.9%) were characterized by a very poor level of reliability and the average DISCERN score was 26.97 points. Additionally, considering the form of the text, the highest average score (35.73) came from entries on blog portals, whereas the lowest average score (18.33) came from comments and online discussion forums. Moreover, most of the texts do not contain key information regarding the indications, safety, desired effects, and side effects of CBD therapy. The study highlights the need for healthcare professionals to guide patients towards reliable sources of information and cautions against the use of unverified online materials, especially as the only FDA-approved CBD medication, Epidiolex, differs significantly from over-the-counter CBD products.

The interest in potential therapeutic use of cannabis, especially cannabidiol (CBD) has increased significantly in recent years. On the Internet, the users can find lots of articles devoted to its medical features such as reducing seizure activity in epilepsy. The aim of our work was to evaluate the information contained on websites, including social media in terms of the credibility and the reliability of current knowledge about usage of products containing cannabidiol in epilepsy treatment. We used online available links found using the Newspointtool. The initial database included 38367 texts, but after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria the 314 texts were taken into consideration. Analysis was performed by using the DISCERN scale and the set of questions created by the authors. In the final assessment, we observed that most of the texts (58,9%) were characterized by a very poor level of reliability and the average DISCERN score was 26,97 points. Additionally, considering the form of the text, the highest average score (35,73) came from entries on blog portals, whereas the lowest average score (18,33) came from comments and online discussion forums. Moreover, most of the texts do not contain key information regarding the indications, safety, desired effects and side effects of CBD therapy. The study highlights the need for healthcare professionals to guide patients towards reliable sources of information and cautions against the use of unverified online materials, especially as the only FDA-approved CBD medication, Epidiolex, differs significantly from over-the-counter CBD products.

Introduction and purpose: Cushing Syndrome is a condition associated with a long-term elevated concentration of cortisol in the circulatory system. The most common type of Cushing syndrome is exogenous hypercortisolism, primarily iatrogenic, resulting from long-term glucocorticoid use, which affects multiple biological systems, including carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of our work was to present the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids affect carbohydrate metabolism and compile information on strategies for its management.Background: Glucocorticoids disrupt carbohydrate metabolism causing increased hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. These adverse effects result from increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, reduced glycogenolysis, decreased expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and impaired insulin signaling. The most important factor to reduce the impact of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism is optimization of glucocorticoid therapy and ensuring proper patient surveillance. A comprehensive medical history and physical examination should be conducted prior to administration of long-term glucocorticoid therapy, with regular blood glucose monitoring throughout treatment. Another key factor is prompt implementation of appropriate pharmacologic therapy. Basal bolus insulin therapy is recommended for managing glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH), with metformin as the preferred oral agent. Equally significant is adopting a balanced diet and regular physical activity.Conclusion: Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome pose a significant problem both for patients and healthcare providers. Studies outline strategies for management of glucocorticoid-induced impaired carbohydrate metabolism, however further research is required to develop evidence-based guidelines to validate and optimize these approaches and improve the quality of life in patients with iatrogenic Cushing syndrome.

Parasitic infections pose a serious health threat worldwide, especially in developing countries, where they affect millions of people. Traditionally, they are seen mainly as something that impacts on the immune system and physiological functions but now more often potential mental health influence is also pointed out. In particular neurotropic parasites, like Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Taenia solium i Trypanosoma brucei are capable of modifying brain function which can lead to development of various mental disorders like schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy and sleep disorders. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the available research on neurobiological mechanisms that show how parasites influence brain function and behaviour. Attention was given to main mechanisms such as changes in neurotransmission, microglial activation, inflammatory responses and structural changes in the brain. In the research results of brain imaging studies (MRI PET) were discussed. They can help understand these mechanisms in detail. Based on literature review, the role of environmental factors and comorbid conditions are also presented. Conclusions indicate the necessity of further research, that will allow understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of parasitic infections and their influence on mental health.

Introduction: Cluster Headache (CH) is a rare but highly disabling primary headache disorder characterized by unilateral pain and cranial autonomic symptoms. It causes major personal and societal burden due to its impact on patients’ quality of life. Purpose of the study: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of CH, including its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment. Recent advances in neurobiology and targeted therapies are highlighted. Description of the state of knowledge: Recognized as the most severe of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, CH combines intense head pain with autonomic dysfunction and a distinct circadian pattern. Epidemiological studies report variability in prevalence across regions and demographic groups, with evidence of late-onset and pediatric cases contributing to diagnostic delays. Several risk factors have been identified, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and disturbances in circadian rhythms. Genetic studies reveal susceptibility loci associated with neurovascular regulation, inflammation, and circadian pathways, suggesting a complex genetic background. Functional and structural neuroimaging consistently implicate hypothalamic dysfunction, which interacts with trigeminovascular and parasympathetic systems. Standard treatment includes acute therapies such as subcutaneous triptans and high-flow oxygen, as well as preventive strategies with verapamil. Recent advances have introduced CGRP monoclonal antibodies and neuromodulation, providing new options for refractory patients. Conclusion: Advances in understanding the neurobiological basis and risk factors of CH have enabled more precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. However, further research is needed to optimize management and reduce disease burden.