An organism’s ability to function properly depends not solely on its diet but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects. This principle applies both to healthy individuals and, in particular, to those with concomitant chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, the current food industry and the widespread use of highly processed foods often lead to nutritional deficiencies. Numerous studies have confirmed the occurrence of immune system dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article elucidates the impact of specific nutrients on the immune system function, which maintains homeostasis of the organism, with a particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and selected substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and alpha-lipoic acid, was taken into consideration, which outlined the minimum range of tests that ought to be performed on patients in order to either directly or indirectly determine the severity of malnutrition in this group of patients.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are some of the most prevalent chronic diseases that generate not only high social but also economic costs. It is becoming increasingly crucial to take into account inborn errors of immunity (IEIs, formerly known as primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs)) and secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of cardiac patients. The number of diseases classified as IEIs is on the rise, with a current total of 485. It is essential to pay attention not only to already confirmed conditions but also to symptoms suggestive of immunodeficiencies. Objectives: The aim of this article is to present IEIs with cardiovascular symptoms that may cause or exacerbate cardiovascular disease, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Results: It is becoming increasingly evident that immunodeficiencies can be responsible for certain cardiovascular conditions, their hastened progression, and difficulties in their control. Conclusions: Early detection of deficiencies improves not only the quality and longevity of patients, but also allows for better control of cardiovascular diseases and even prevention of their occurrence.

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a complex ecosystem known as the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial part in digestion and immune system function. Among the clinically recognized manifestations of dysbiosis in this system are Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO), Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO), and Large Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (LIBO). This study aims to investigate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these syndromes and their diagnostics and therapeutic options, focusing primarily on the roles of methane-producing archaea and fungal overgrowth. The methods employed in this study involve a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. This review summarizes that methane production by Methanobrevibacter smithii was linked to altered fermentation, reduced microbial diversity, and slowed intestinal transit. Fungal species were associated with increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and biofilm formation. Targeted interventions addressing microbial imbalances demonstrated potential therapeutic value. This review highlights the complex and multifactorial nature of gut dysbiosis, revealing its impact beyond the gastrointestinal tract. While emerging therapies targeting methanogens, fungi, and biofilms show promise, further research is essential to optimize their clinical application. The findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are among the most common chronic diseases, generating high social and economic costs. Secondary immunodeficiencies occur more often than primary ones and may result from the co-occurrence of specific diseases, treatment, nutrient deficiencies and non-nutritive bio-active compounds that result from the industrial nutrient practices. Objectives: The aim of this article is to present selected secondary immunodeficiencies and their impact on the cardiovascular system. Results: The treatment of a patient with cardiovascular disease should include an assess-ment for immunodeficiencies, because the immune and cardiovascular systems are closely linked. Conclusions: Immune system dysfunctions can significantly affect the course of cardiovascular diseases and their treatment. For this reason, comprehensive care for a patient with cardiovascular disease requires taking into account potential immunodeficiencies, which can have a significant impact on the patient’s health.

In order for the body to function properly, it needs not only food, but also nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that have an immunomodulating effect. This applies not only to healthy people, but especially to people with accompanying chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the current food industry and the use of highly processed food promote nutritional deficiencies. Many studies confirm their occurrence in patients with type 2 diabetes. The article presents the influence of selected nutrients on the functioning of the immune system, which ensures homeostasis of the body, with particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macroelements, microelements, vitamins and selected substances, such as omega-3 acids, coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid. The minimum scope of tests that should be performed in patients to directly or indirectly determine the degree of malnutrition in this group of patients is presented.

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterized by the development of hypopigmented or depigmented macules and patches, resulting from the loss of functional melanocytes in the affected areas. It is estimated to affect approximately 0.5% to 4% of the global population. Although the exact etiology remains unclear, vitiligo is considered an acquired, multifactorial condition involving complex interactions. Aim: To summarize current knowledge on vitiligo, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic principles, and therapeutic strategies. Methodology: Literature review was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Results: Vitiligo is now widely regarded as an autoimmune disorder. Current management centers on immune modulation through topical and systemic agents, phototherapy, and, in selected cases, surgical intervention. Adjunctive measures including camouflage techniques, nutritional optimization, and psychological support play an important role in improving quality of life. Conclusions: Vitiligo results from complex autoimmune and oxidative processes leading to melanocyte destruction. First-line treatment typically includes topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors, with phototherapy serving as an effective and well-established adjunct. Combination and targeted immunomodulatory therapies, such as JAK inhibitors, represent promising future directions. Despite notable advances, complete and durable repigmentation remains uncommon, highlighting the need for continued research and individualized patient care.