In this paper, we report a theoretical systematic study of continuous wave intracavity backwards optical parametric oscillators based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) for mid-infrared (mid-IR) light generation. We study the effects of varying different cavity parameters including nonlinear crystal length, cavity size, pump laser diode spot size, output coupler radius, and cavity loss values on the output power and threshold of the proposed mid-IR laser. The effects of different physical phenomena are included in the model including pump depletion due to the nonlinear conversion process, the thermal lens effect, and mode overlap between the beams in the nonlinear crystal. We show that high output powers in the mid infrared (>500 mW at 3.2 μm) can be achieved with proper cavity design and that a laser threshold with a PPLN as short as 2 cm can be reached.

In this paper, diode pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers based on end-pumping series $Nd:YV{O}_4$ and $Nd:GdV{O}_4$ crystals were studied. Dual-, tri-, and quad-wavelength emissions were achieved. In the dual-wavelength emission operation, an optical-to-optical efficiency (O-O) of 48.9% and the power instability was 0.4% were obtained. These are the most efficient and compact lasers operating in continuous wave mode reported to date with series crystals. Besides this, the effect of changing power ratio between the output laser powers on speckle reduction was investigated for the first time. In addition, tri and quad wavelength emissions were achieved with a reasonable efficiency simply by optimizing the cavity parameters.