The paper aims to propose a sequence of steps that will allow multi-person tracking with a single UWB radar equipped with the minimal antenna array needed for trilateration. Its localization accuracy is admittedly limited, but on the other hand, thoughtfully chosen placement of antennas can increase the detectability of several humans moving in their immediate vicinity and additionally decrease the computational complexity of the signal processing methods. It is shown that the UWB radar measuring with high rate and fine range resolution in conjunction with properly tuned processing parameters can continually track people even in the case when their radar echoes are crossing or merging. Emphasis is given to the simplified method of the time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation and association and the novel method needed for antenna height compensation. The performance of the proposed human tracking framework is evaluated for the experimental scenario with three people moving closely in a small room. A quantitative analysis of the estimated target tracks confirms the benefits of suggested high antenna placement and application of new signal processing methods in the form of decreasing the mean localization error and increasing the frequency of correct target position estimations.

All ultra-wideband (UWB) sensor applications require hardware designed directly for their specific application. The switching of broadband radio frequency and microwave signals is an integral part of almost every piece of high-frequency equipment, whether in commercial operation or laboratory conditions. The trend of integrating various circuit structures and systems on a chip (SoC) or in a single package (SiP) is also related to the need to design these integrated switches for various measuring devices and instruments in laboratories, paradoxically for their further development. Another possible use is switching high-frequency signals in telecommunications devices, whether mobile or fixed networks, for example, for switching signals from several antennas. Based on these requirements, a high-frequency semiconductor integrated switch with NMOS transistors was designed. With these transistors, it is possible to achieve higher integration than with bipolar ones. Even though MOSFET transistors have worse frequency characteristics, we can compensate them to some extent with the precise design of the circuit and layout of the chip. This article describes the analysis and design of a high-frequency semiconductor integrated switch for UWB applications consisting of three series-parallel switches controlled by CMOS logic signals. They are primarily intended for UWB sensor systems, e.g., when switching and configuring the antenna MIMO system or when switching calibration tools. The design of the switch was implemented in low-cost 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology with an emphasis on the smallest possible attenuation and the largest possible bandwidth and isolation. The reason for choosing this technology was also that other circuit structures of UWB systems were realized in this technology. Through the simulations, individual parameters of the circuit were simulated, the layout of the chip was also created, and the parameters of the circuit were simulated with the parasitic extraction and the inclusion of parasitic elements (post-layout simulations). Subsequently, the chip was manufactured and its parameters were measured and evaluated. Based on these measurements, the designed and fabricated UWB switch was found to have the following parameters: a supply current of 2 mA at 3.3 V, a bandwidth of 6 GHz, an insertion loss (at 1 GHz) of −2.2 dB, and isolation (at 1 GHz) of $-33$ dB, which satisfy the requirements for our UWB sensor applications.

Amplification of wideband high-frequency and microwave signals is a fundamental element within every high-frequency circuit and device. Ultra-wideband (UWB) sensor applications use circuits designed for their specific application. The article presents the analysis, design, and implementation of ultra-wideband differential amplifiers for M-sequence-based UWB applications. The designed differential amplifiers are based on the Cherry–Hooper structure and are implemented in a low-cost 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS semiconductor process. The article presents an analysis and realization of several designs focused on different modifications of the Cherry–Hooper amplifier structure. The proposed amplifier modifications are focused on achieving the best result in one main parameter’s performance. Amplifier designs modified by capacitive peaking to achieve the largest bandwidth, amplifiers with the lowest possible noise figure, and designs focused on achieving the highest common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) are described. The layout of the differential amplifiers was created and the chip was manufactured and wire-bonded to the QFN package. For evaluation purposes, a high-frequency PCB board was designed. Schematic simulations, post-layout simulations, and measurements of the individual parameters of the designed amplifiers were performed. The designed and fabricated ultra-wideband differential amplifiers have the following parameters: a supply current of 100–160 mA at −3.3 V or 3.3 V, bandwidth from 6 to 12 GHz, gain (at 1 GHz) from 12 to 16 dB, noise figure from 7 to 13 dB, and a common mode rejection ratio of up to 70 dB.

The article presents the analysis, design, and low-cost implementation of application-specific AD converters for M-sequence-based UWB applications to minimize and integrate the whole UWB sensor system. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to integrate the AD converter’s own design with the UWB analog part into the system-in-package (SiP) or directly into the system-on-a-chip (SoC), which cannot be implemented with commercial AD converters, or which would be disproportionately expensive. Based on the current and used UWB sensor system requirements, to achieve the maximum possible bandwidth in the proposed semiconductor technology, a parallel converter structure is designed and presented in this article. Moreover, 5-bit and 4-bit parallel flash AD converters were initially designed as part of the research and design of UWB M-sequence radar systems for specific applications, and are briefly introduced in this article. The requirements of the newly proposed specific UWB M-sequence systems were established based on the knowledge gained from these initial designs. After thorough testing and evaluation of the concept of the early proposed AD converters for these specific UWB M-sequence systems, the design of a new AD converter was initiated. After confirming sufficient characteristics based on the requirements of UWB M-sequence systems for specific applications, a 7-bit AD converter in low-cost 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology from AMS was designed, fabricated, and presented in this article. The proposed 7-bit AD converter achieves the following parameters: ENOB = 6.4 bits, SINAD = 38 dB, SFDR = 42 dBc, INL = ±2-bit LSB, and DNL = ±1.5 LSB. The maximum sampling rate reaches 1.4 Gs/s, the power consumption at 20 Ms/s is 1050 mW, and at 1.4 Gs/s is 1290 mW, with a power supply of −3.3 V.

In high-frequency electronics, optimizing RF oscillators performance is essential, especially as applications reach into wide frequency bands. This article describes proposed clock generators for UWB sensor systems based on oscillators with dielectric resonator (DRO). Evaluation boards with different sizes of microstrip conductors were developed and tested, based on which new versions of boards were created. Improvements were made to integrate the DRO into a shielded box to ensure minimal external interference. The final designs demonstrated stable operation with low phase noise λ (1 MHz) = -108.805 dBc at f _c = 21.732 GHz, sufficient power (3.65 dBm) and low power consumption(56 mW).