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Hari Sudini
Theme-Integrated Crop Improvement, Research Program-Asia, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India

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Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Journal of Fungi
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Pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) in groundnut is a serious quality concern globally, and drought stress before harvest further exacerbate its intensity, leading to the deterioration of produce quality. Understanding the host–pathogen interaction and identifying the candidate genes responsible for resistance to PAC will provide insights into the defense mechanism of the groundnut. In this context, about 971.63 million reads have been generated from 16 RNA samples under controlled and Aspergillus flavus infected conditions, from one susceptible and seven resistant genotypes. The RNA-seq analysis identified 45,336 genome-wide transcripts under control and infected conditions. This study identified 57 transcription factor (TF) families with major contributions from 6570 genes coding for bHLH (719), MYB-related (479), NAC (437), FAR1 family protein (320), and a few other families. In the host (groundnut), defense-related genes such as senescence-associated proteins, resveratrol synthase, seed linoleate, pathogenesis-related proteins, peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, chalcone synthase, ABA-responsive gene, and chitinases were found to be differentially expressed among resistant genotypes as compared to susceptible genotypes. This study also indicated the vital role of ABA-responsive ABR17, which co-regulates the genes of ABA responsive elements during drought stress, while providing resistance against A. flavus infection. It belongs to the PR-10 class and is also present in several plant–pathogen interactions.

ACS Style

Pooja Soni; Arun Pandey; Spurthi Nayak; Manish Pandey; Priya Tolani; Sarita Pandey; Hari Sudini; Prasad Bajaj; Jake Fountain; Prashant Singam; Baozhu Guo; Rajeev Varshney. Global Transcriptome Profiling Identified Transcription Factors, Biological Process, and Associated Pathways for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 413 .

AMA Style

Pooja Soni, Arun Pandey, Spurthi Nayak, Manish Pandey, Priya Tolani, Sarita Pandey, Hari Sudini, Prasad Bajaj, Jake Fountain, Prashant Singam, Baozhu Guo, Rajeev Varshney. Global Transcriptome Profiling Identified Transcription Factors, Biological Process, and Associated Pathways for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (6):413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pooja Soni; Arun Pandey; Spurthi Nayak; Manish Pandey; Priya Tolani; Sarita Pandey; Hari Sudini; Prasad Bajaj; Jake Fountain; Prashant Singam; Baozhu Guo; Rajeev Varshney. 2021. "Global Transcriptome Profiling Identified Transcription Factors, Biological Process, and Associated Pathways for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6: 413.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by fungus Nothopassalora personata in groundnut is responsible for up to 50% yield loss. To dissect the complex nature of LLS resistance, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using resistant (GPBD 4), susceptible (TAG 24) and a resistant introgression line (ICGV 13208) and identified a total of 12,164 and 9954 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) respectively in A- and B-subgenomes of tetraploid groundnut. There were 135 and 136 unique pathways triggered in A- and B-subgenomes, respectively, upon N. personata infection. Highly upregulated putative disease resistance genes, an RPP-13 like (Aradu.P20JR) and a NBS-LRR (Aradu.Z87JB) were identified on chromosome A02 and A03, respectively, for LLS resistance. Mildew resistance Locus (MLOs)-like proteins, heavy metal transport proteins, and ubiquitin protein ligase showed trend of upregulation in susceptible genotypes, while tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR), pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR), chitinases, glutathione S-transferases, purple acid phosphatases showed upregulation in resistant genotypes. However, the highly expressed ethylene responsive factor (ERF) and ethylene responsive nuclear protein (ERF2), and early responsive dehydration gene (ERD) might be related to the possible causes of defoliation in susceptible genotypes. The identified disease resistance genes can be deployed in genomics-assisted breeding for development of LLS resistant cultivars to reduce the yield loss in groundnut.

ACS Style

Sunil Gangurde; Spurthi Nayak; Pushpesh Joshi; Shilp Purohit; Hari Sudini; Annapurna Chitikineni; Yanbin Hong; Baozhu Guo; Xiaoping Chen; Manish Pandey; Rajeev Varshney. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identified Candidate Genes for Late Leaf Spot Resistance and Cause of Defoliation in Groundnut. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4491 .

AMA Style

Sunil Gangurde, Spurthi Nayak, Pushpesh Joshi, Shilp Purohit, Hari Sudini, Annapurna Chitikineni, Yanbin Hong, Baozhu Guo, Xiaoping Chen, Manish Pandey, Rajeev Varshney. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identified Candidate Genes for Late Leaf Spot Resistance and Cause of Defoliation in Groundnut. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (9):4491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunil Gangurde; Spurthi Nayak; Pushpesh Joshi; Shilp Purohit; Hari Sudini; Annapurna Chitikineni; Yanbin Hong; Baozhu Guo; Xiaoping Chen; Manish Pandey; Rajeev Varshney. 2021. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identified Candidate Genes for Late Leaf Spot Resistance and Cause of Defoliation in Groundnut." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4491.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2020 in Journal of Fungi
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Aflatoxin-affected groundnut or peanut presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. Therefore, understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to aflatoxin production during host–pathogen interactions is crucial for breeding groundnut cultivars with minimal level of aflatoxin contamination. Here, we performed gene expression profiling to better understand the mechanisms involved in reduction and prevention of aflatoxin contamination resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection in groundnut seeds. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 16 samples from different time points during infection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and the 7th day after inoculation) in U 4-7-5 (resistant) and JL 24 (susceptible) genotypes yielded 840.5 million raw reads with an average of 52.5 million reads per sample. A total of 1779 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis revealed several pathways, such as disease resistance, hormone biosynthetic signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying, cell wall metabolism and catabolizing and seed germination. We also detected several highly upregulated transcription factors, such as ARF, DBB, MYB, NAC and C2H2 in the resistant genotype in comparison to the susceptible genotype after inoculation. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis suggested the occurrence of coordinated control of key pathways controlling cellular physiology and metabolism upon A. flavus infection, resulting in reduced aflatoxin production.

ACS Style

Pooja Soni; Spurthi N. Nayak; Rakesh Kumar; Manish K. Pandey; Namita Singh; Hari K. Sudini; Prasad Bajaj; Jake C. Fountain; Prashant Singam; Yanbin Hong; Xiaoping Chen; Weijian Zhuang; Boshou Liao; Baozhu Guo; Rajeev K. Varshney. Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut. Journal of Fungi 2020, 6, 370 .

AMA Style

Pooja Soni, Spurthi N. Nayak, Rakesh Kumar, Manish K. Pandey, Namita Singh, Hari K. Sudini, Prasad Bajaj, Jake C. Fountain, Prashant Singam, Yanbin Hong, Xiaoping Chen, Weijian Zhuang, Boshou Liao, Baozhu Guo, Rajeev K. Varshney. Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6 (4):370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pooja Soni; Spurthi N. Nayak; Rakesh Kumar; Manish K. Pandey; Namita Singh; Hari K. Sudini; Prasad Bajaj; Jake C. Fountain; Prashant Singam; Yanbin Hong; Xiaoping Chen; Weijian Zhuang; Boshou Liao; Baozhu Guo; Rajeev K. Varshney. 2020. "Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4: 370.

Research article
Published: 27 May 2020 in Indian Phytopathology
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Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) is a major problem for pigeonpea production in the Indian subcontinent. A comprehensive and systematic survey was carried out to determine the incidence of pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and variability among disease causing agents in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana states of southern India during the 2017 rainy season. The results indicate a huge variation in SMD incidence ranging from 0 to 47.50% among the surveyed states and also within the states. Further, the phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-3 sequence of disease causing two viral agents such as PPSMV-I and PPSMV-II exhibited considerable variability among seven different geographical strains representing four states in southern India. RNA-3 sequence of PPSMV-I of Bengaluru, Tirupathi, Vamban, and Coimbatore isolates clustered together, while Gulbarga isolate distinctly separated out. Similarly, a RNA-3 sequence of PPSMV-II of Vamban isolate was separated out from the rest of the cluster. There is a separate existence of PPSMV-II alone alongside mixed infection of PPSMV-I and PPSMV-II in southern India. The samples from Patancheru location were positive for PPSMV-I and PPSMV-II, whereas one sample from Bengaluru and four samples from Coimbatore location were found positive for PPSMV-II only and the rest of the samples were positive for both the viruses. None of the sample was positive for PPSMV-I alone. Overall our study provides evidence of variability in SMD causing agents which is critical in developing precise diagnostic tools and stable management strategies in pigeonpea.

ACS Style

B. R. Sayiprathap; A. K. Patibanda; V. Prasanna Kumari; K. Jayalalitha; V. Srinivasa Rao; Mamta Sharma; Hari Kishan Sudini. Prevalence of sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and variability in pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) in southern-India. Indian Phytopathology 2020, 73, 741 -750.

AMA Style

B. R. Sayiprathap, A. K. Patibanda, V. Prasanna Kumari, K. Jayalalitha, V. Srinivasa Rao, Mamta Sharma, Hari Kishan Sudini. Prevalence of sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and variability in pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) in southern-India. Indian Phytopathology. 2020; 73 (4):741-750.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. R. Sayiprathap; A. K. Patibanda; V. Prasanna Kumari; K. Jayalalitha; V. Srinivasa Rao; Mamta Sharma; Hari Kishan Sudini. 2020. "Prevalence of sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and variability in pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) in southern-India." Indian Phytopathology 73, no. 4: 741-750.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Toxins
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) are the most common aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts, with high carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Identification of DNA markers associated with resistance to aflatoxin production is likely to offer breeders efficient tools to develop resistant cultivars through molecular breeding. In this study, seeds of 99 accessions of a Chinese peanut mini-mini core collection were investigated for their reaction to aflatoxin production by a laboratory kernel inoculation assay. Two resistant accessions (Zh.h0551 and Zh.h2150) were identified, with their aflatoxin content being 8.11%–18.90% of the susceptible control. The 99 peanut accessions were also genotyped by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 60 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers associated with aflatoxin production were detected, and they explained 16.87%–31.70% of phenotypic variation (PVE), with SNP02686 and SNP19994 possessing 31.70% and 28.91% PVE, respectively. Aflatoxin contents of accessions with “AG” (existed in Zh.h0551 and Zh.h2150) and “GG” genotypes of either SNP19994 or SNP02686 were significantly lower than that of “AA” genotypes in the mean value of a three-year assay. The resistant accessions and molecular markers identified in this study are likely to be helpful for deployment in aflatoxin resistance breeding in peanuts.

ACS Style

Bolun Yu; Huifang Jiang; Manish K. Pandey; Li Huang; Dongxin Huai; Xiaojing Zhou; Yanping Kang; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hari K. Sudini; Xiaoping Ren; Huaiyong Luo; Nian Liu; Weigang Chen; Jianbin Guo; Weitao Li; Yingbin Ding; Yifei Jiang; Yong Lei; Boshou Liao. Identification of Two Novel Peanut Genotypes Resistant to Aflatoxin Production and Their SNP Markers Associated with Resistance. Toxins 2020, 12, 156 .

AMA Style

Bolun Yu, Huifang Jiang, Manish K. Pandey, Li Huang, Dongxin Huai, Xiaojing Zhou, Yanping Kang, Rajeev K. Varshney, Hari K. Sudini, Xiaoping Ren, Huaiyong Luo, Nian Liu, Weigang Chen, Jianbin Guo, Weitao Li, Yingbin Ding, Yifei Jiang, Yong Lei, Boshou Liao. Identification of Two Novel Peanut Genotypes Resistant to Aflatoxin Production and Their SNP Markers Associated with Resistance. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bolun Yu; Huifang Jiang; Manish K. Pandey; Li Huang; Dongxin Huai; Xiaojing Zhou; Yanping Kang; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hari K. Sudini; Xiaoping Ren; Huaiyong Luo; Nian Liu; Weigang Chen; Jianbin Guo; Weitao Li; Yingbin Ding; Yifei Jiang; Yong Lei; Boshou Liao. 2020. "Identification of Two Novel Peanut Genotypes Resistant to Aflatoxin Production and Their SNP Markers Associated with Resistance." Toxins 12, no. 3: 156.

Review
Published: 20 February 2020 in Plants
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Nitrogen is one of the essential plant nutrients and a major factor limiting crop productivity. To meet the requirements of sustainable agriculture, there is a need to maximize biological nitrogen fixation in different crop species. Legumes are able to establish root nodule symbiosis (RNS) with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria which are collectively called rhizobia. This mutualistic association is highly specific, and each rhizobia species/strain interacts with only a specific group of legumes, and vice versa. Nodulation involves multiple phases of interactions ranging from initial bacterial attachment and infection establishment to late nodule development, characterized by a complex molecular signalling between plants and rhizobia. Characteristically, legumes like groundnut display a bacterial invasion strategy popularly known as “crack-entry’’ mechanism, which is reported approximately in 25% of all legumes. This article accommodates critical discussions on the bacterial infection mode, dynamics of nodulation, components of symbiotic signalling pathway, and also the effects of abiotic stresses and phytohormone homeostasis related to the root nodule symbiosis of groundnut and Bradyrhizobium. These parameters can help to understand how groundnut RNS is programmed to recognize and establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia, adjusting gene expression in response to various regulations. This review further attempts to emphasize the current understanding of advancements regarding RNS research in the groundnut and speculates on prospective improvement possibilities in addition to ways for expanding it to other crops towards achieving sustainable agriculture and overcoming environmental challenges.

ACS Style

Vinay Sharma; Samrat Bhattacharyya; Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Fernando Ibañez; Jianping Wang; Baozhu Guo; Hari K. Sudini; Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan; Maitrayee Dasgupta; Rajeev K. Varshney; Manish K. Pandey. Molecular Basis of Root Nodule Symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium and ‘Crack-Entry’ Legume Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants 2020, 9, 276 .

AMA Style

Vinay Sharma, Samrat Bhattacharyya, Rakesh Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Fernando Ibañez, Jianping Wang, Baozhu Guo, Hari K. Sudini, Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan, Maitrayee Dasgupta, Rajeev K. Varshney, Manish K. Pandey. Molecular Basis of Root Nodule Symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium and ‘Crack-Entry’ Legume Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants. 2020; 9 (2):276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vinay Sharma; Samrat Bhattacharyya; Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Kumar; Fernando Ibañez; Jianping Wang; Baozhu Guo; Hari K. Sudini; Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan; Maitrayee Dasgupta; Rajeev K. Varshney; Manish K. Pandey. 2020. "Molecular Basis of Root Nodule Symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium and ‘Crack-Entry’ Legume Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Plants 9, no. 2: 276.

Protocols article
Published: 05 June 2019 in Frontiers in Nutrition
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Peanut allergy is an important health concern among many individuals. As there is no effective treatment to peanut allergy, continuous monitoring of peanut-based products, and their sources is essential. Precise detection of peanut allergens is key for identification and development of improved peanut varieties with minimum or no allergens in addition to estimating the levels in peanut-based products available in food chain. The antibody based ELISA protocol along with sample preparation was standardized for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8 to estimate their quantities in peanut seeds. Three different dilutions were optimized to precisely quantify target allergen proteins in peanut seeds such as Ara h 1 (1/1,000, 1/2,000, and 1/4,000), Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 (1/5,000, 1/10,000, and 1/20,000), Ara h 6 (1/40,000, 1/80,000, and 1/1,60,000), and Ara h 8 (1/10, 1/20, and 1/40). These dilutions were finalized for each allergen based on the accuracy of detection by achieving <20% coefficient of variation in three technical replicates. This protocol captured wide variation of allergen proteins in selected peanut genotypes for Ara h 1 (77–46,106 μg/g), Ara h 2 (265–5,426 μg/g), Ara h 3 (382–12,676 μg/g), Ara h 6 (949–43,375 μg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.385–6 μg/g). The assay is sensitive and reliable in precise detection of five major peanut allergens in seeds. Deployment of such protocol allows screening of large scale germplasm and breeding lines while developing peanut varieties with minimum allergenicity to ensure food safety.

ACS Style

Arun K. Pandey; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hari K. Sudini; Manish K. Pandey. An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based Protocol Using Seeds for Detection of Five Major Peanut Allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8. Frontiers in Nutrition 2019, 6, 1 .

AMA Style

Arun K. Pandey, Rajeev K. Varshney, Hari K. Sudini, Manish K. Pandey. An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based Protocol Using Seeds for Detection of Five Major Peanut Allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2019; 6 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arun K. Pandey; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hari K. Sudini; Manish K. Pandey. 2019. "An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based Protocol Using Seeds for Detection of Five Major Peanut Allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8." Frontiers in Nutrition 6, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 03 June 2019 in Toxins
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Aflatoxin is considered a “hidden poison” due to its slow and adverse effect on various biological pathways in humans, particularly among children, in whom it leads to delayed development, stunted growth, liver damage, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, the unpredictable behavior of the fungus as well as climatic conditions pose serious challenges in precise phenotyping, genetic prediction and genetic improvement, leaving the complete onus of preventing aflatoxin contamination in crops on post-harvest management. Equipping popular crop varieties with genetic resistance to aflatoxin is key to effective lowering of infection in farmer’s fields. A combination of genetic resistance for in vitro seed colonization (IVSC), pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) and aflatoxin production together with pre- and post-harvest management may provide a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination. In this context, modern “omics” approaches, including next-generation genomics technologies, can provide improved and decisive information and genetic solutions. Preventing contamination will not only drastically boost the consumption and trade of the crops and products across nations/regions, but more importantly, stave off deleterious health problems among consumers across the globe.

ACS Style

Manish K. Pandey; Rakesh Kumar; Arun K. Pandey; Pooja Soni; Sunil S. Gangurde; Hari K. Sudini; Jake C. Fountain; Boshou Liao; Haile Desmae; Patrick Okori; Xiaoping Chen; Huifang Jiang; Venugopal Mendu; Hamidou Falalou; Samuel Njoroge; James Mwololo; Baozhu Guo; Weijian Zhuang; Xingjun Wang; Xuanqiang Liang; Rajeev K. Varshney. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins 2019, 11, 315 .

AMA Style

Manish K. Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, Arun K. Pandey, Pooja Soni, Sunil S. Gangurde, Hari K. Sudini, Jake C. Fountain, Boshou Liao, Haile Desmae, Patrick Okori, Xiaoping Chen, Huifang Jiang, Venugopal Mendu, Hamidou Falalou, Samuel Njoroge, James Mwololo, Baozhu Guo, Weijian Zhuang, Xingjun Wang, Xuanqiang Liang, Rajeev K. Varshney. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manish K. Pandey; Rakesh Kumar; Arun K. Pandey; Pooja Soni; Sunil S. Gangurde; Hari K. Sudini; Jake C. Fountain; Boshou Liao; Haile Desmae; Patrick Okori; Xiaoping Chen; Huifang Jiang; Venugopal Mendu; Hamidou Falalou; Samuel Njoroge; James Mwololo; Baozhu Guo; Weijian Zhuang; Xingjun Wang; Xuanqiang Liang; Rajeev K. Varshney. 2019. "Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices." Toxins 11, no. 6: 315.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2019 in BMC Genetics
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Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus is a major constraint to peanut industry worldwide due to its toxicological effects to human and animals. Developing peanut varieties with resistance to seed infection and/or aflatoxin accumulation is the most effective and economic strategy for reducing aflatoxin risk in food chain. Breeding for resistance to aflatoxin in peanut is a challenging task for breeders because the genetic basis is still poorly understood. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from crossing Zhonghua 10 (susceptible) with ICG 12625 (resistant). The percent seed infection index (PSII), the contents of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) of RILs were evaluated by a laboratory kernel inoculation assay. Two QTLs were identified for PSII including one major QTL with 11.32–13.00% phenotypic variance explained (PVE). A total of 12 QTLs for aflatoxin accumulation were detected by unconditional analysis, and four of them (qAFB1A07 and qAFB1B06.1 for AFB1, qAFB2A07 and qAFB2B06 for AFB2) exhibited major and stable effects across multiple environments with 9.32–21.02% PVE. Furthermore, not only qAFB1A07 and qAFB2A07 were co-localized in the same genetic interval on LG A07, but qAFB1B06.1 was also co-localized with qAFB2B06 on LG B06. Conditional QTL mapping also confirmed that there was a strong interaction between resistance to AFB1 and AFB2 accumulation. Genotyping of RILs revealed that qAFB1A07 and qAFB1B06.1 interacted additively to improve the resistance to both AFB1 and AFB2 accumulation. Additionally, validation of the two markers was performed in diversified germplasm collection and four accessions with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were identified. Single major QTL for resistance to PSII and two important co-localized intervals associated with major QTLs for resistance to AFB1 and AFB2. Combination of these intervals could improve the resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in peanut. SSR markers linked to these intervals were identified and validated. The identified QTLs and associated markers exhibit potential to be applied in improvement of resistance to aflatoxin contamination.

ACS Style

Bolun Yu; Dongxin Huai; Li Huang; Yanping Kang; Xiaoping Ren; Yuning Chen; Xiaojing Zhou; Huaiyong Luo; Nian Liu; Weigang Chen; Yong Lei; Manish K. Pandey; Hari Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Boshou Liao; Huifang Jiang. Identification of genomic regions and diagnostic markers for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Genetics 2019, 20, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Bolun Yu, Dongxin Huai, Li Huang, Yanping Kang, Xiaoping Ren, Yuning Chen, Xiaojing Zhou, Huaiyong Luo, Nian Liu, Weigang Chen, Yong Lei, Manish K. Pandey, Hari Sudini, Rajeev K. Varshney, Boshou Liao, Huifang Jiang. Identification of genomic regions and diagnostic markers for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Genetics. 2019; 20 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bolun Yu; Dongxin Huai; Li Huang; Yanping Kang; Xiaoping Ren; Yuning Chen; Xiaojing Zhou; Huaiyong Luo; Nian Liu; Weigang Chen; Yong Lei; Manish K. Pandey; Hari Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Boshou Liao; Huifang Jiang. 2019. "Identification of genomic regions and diagnostic markers for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." BMC Genetics 20, no. 1: 1-13.

Preprint
Published: 16 August 2018
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Aflatoxins, which have been classified as a group-1 carcinogen are the well-known mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins have been linked to liver diseases, acute hepatic necrosis, resulting in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinomas due to which it incurs a loss of value in international trade for peanuts contaminated with it. The four main aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1, and G2 of which B1 is predominant. In plants, the cell wall is the primary barrier against pathogen invasion. Cell wall fortifications such as deposition of callose, cellulose, lignin, phenolic compounds and structural proteins help to prevent the pathogen infection. Further, the host cell’s ability to rapidly repair and reinforce its cell walls will result in a reduction of the penetration efficiency of the pathogen. Peanut seed coat acts as a physical and biochemical cell wall barrier against both pre and post-harvest pathogen infection. The structure of seed coat and the presence of polyphenol compounds have been reported to inhibit the growth of A. flavus, however, not successfully employed to develop A. flavus resistance in peanut. A comprehensive understanding of peanut seed coat development and biochemistry will provide information to design efficient strategies for the seed coat mediated A. flavus resistance and Aflatoxin contamination.

ACS Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos; Theophilus K. Tengey; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lindsay D. Williams; Hari Kishan Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hamidou Falalou; Mark D. Burow; Venugopal Mendu. Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos, Theophilus K. Tengey, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Lindsay D. Williams, Hari Kishan Sudini, Rajeev K. Varshney, Hamidou Falalou, Mark D. Burow, Venugopal Mendu. Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos; Theophilus K. Tengey; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lindsay D. Williams; Hari Kishan Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hamidou Falalou; Mark D. Burow; Venugopal Mendu. 2018. "Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2018 in Agronomy
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Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut is an important qualitative issue posing a threat to food safety. In our present study, we have demonstrated the efficacy of certain good agricultural practices (GAPs) in groundnut, such as farmyard manure (5 t/ha), gypsum (500 kg/ha), a protective irrigation at 90 days after sowing (DAS), drying of pods on tarpaulins after harvest in farmers’ fields. During 2013–2015, 89 on-farm demonstrations were conducted advocating GAPs, and compared with farmers’ practices (FP) plots. Farmers’ awareness of GAPs, and knowledge on important aspects of groundnut cultivation, were also assessed during our experimentation in the selected villages under study. Pre-harvest kernel infection by Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin contamination, and pod yields were compared in GAPs plots, vis-à-vis FP plots. The cost of cultivation in both the plots was calculated and compared, based on farmer’s opinion surveys. Results indicate kernel infections and aflatoxins were significantly lower, with 13–58% and 62–94% reduction, respectively, in GAPs plots over FP. Further, a net gain of around $23 per acre was realized through adoption of GAPs by farmers besides quality improvement of groundnuts. Based on our results, it can be concluded that on-farm demonstrations were the best educative tool to convince the farmers about the cost-effectiveness, and adoptability of aflatoxin management technologies.

ACS Style

Vijayaraju Parimi; Vijay Krishna K. Kotamraju; Hari K. Sudini. On-Farm Demonstrations with a Set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Proved Cost-Effective in Reducing Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. Agronomy 2018, 8, 10 .

AMA Style

Vijayaraju Parimi, Vijay Krishna K. Kotamraju, Hari K. Sudini. On-Farm Demonstrations with a Set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Proved Cost-Effective in Reducing Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (2):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vijayaraju Parimi; Vijay Krishna K. Kotamraju; Hari K. Sudini. 2018. "On-Farm Demonstrations with a Set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Proved Cost-Effective in Reducing Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut." Agronomy 8, no. 2: 10.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2016 in European Journal of Plant Pathology
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Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut by has assumed global significance and is considered a potential threat to human and animal health. The present study focused on the screening and identification of stable and reliable resistance sources to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in ICRISAT’s groundnut mini core germplasm accessions. Field studies were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Superior accessions ( = 34) were selected and screened during 2010 and 2011 in a Lattice design with three replications. Seven best accessions with <1 μg kg aflatoxin B levels were further selected and screened during 2012 and 2013. Based on the evaluation in 2008 and 2009, four accessions had aflatoxin contamination within 4 μg kg, 50 accessions within 10 μg kg, 66 accessions within 15 μg kg, and 75 accessions within 20 μg kg. Of the 34 selected accessions evaluated in 2010 and 2011, eight accessions had <1 μg kg. The analysis of 34 accessions over a period of four years from 2008 to 2011 indicated that the mean toxin levels ranged from 0.9 to 10.3 μg kg. In total, 31 accessions had less aflatoxin accumulation than the resistant check, 55–437. The seven best accessions, ICGs 13,603, 1415, 14,630, 3584, 5195, 6703 and 6888, over six years (2008–2013) consistently accumulated very low levels of aflatoxin (<4 μg kg). These seven accessions could be potential sources for understanding the resistant mechanisms and can be further used in developing resistant cultivars or introgressing resistance in popular released varieties.

ACS Style

F. Waliyar; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; M. Diallo; A. Traore; U. N. Mangala; H. D. Upadhyaya; H. Sudini. Resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in ICRISAT’s groundnut mini core collection. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2016, 145, 901 -913.

AMA Style

F. Waliyar, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, M. Diallo, A. Traore, U. N. Mangala, H. D. Upadhyaya, H. Sudini. Resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in ICRISAT’s groundnut mini core collection. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2016; 145 (4):901-913.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Waliyar; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; M. Diallo; A. Traore; U. N. Mangala; H. D. Upadhyaya; H. Sudini. 2016. "Resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in ICRISAT’s groundnut mini core collection." European Journal of Plant Pathology 145, no. 4: 901-913.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2016 in Journal of General Plant Pathology
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Stem rot of groundnut caused by the soilborne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii can cause significant yield losses. Biological control of stem rot using actinomycetes is a viable alternative to existing fungicidal management. Though actinomycetes are prolific antibiotic producers, reports pertaining to their use in groundnut disease management are limited. Here, actinomycetes were isolated from groundnut rhizospheric soils and screened for antagonism against S. rolfsii through a dual culture assay. Culture filtrates and crude extracts of the potential candidates were screened further for extracellular antifungal activity and characterized for biocontrol and plant-growth-promoting traits. A promising candidate was tested under greenhouse conditions as whole organism as well as crude extracts. Isolate RP1A-12 exhibited high antagonism against S. rolfsii in dual culture assay (69 % inhibition), culture filtrate assay (78–100 % inhibition at various concentrations) and crude extract assay (100 % inhibition with 1 % crude extracts). Moreover, germination of sclerotia of the test pathogen was inhibited with 1 % crude extracts. Strain RP1A-12 produced hydrogen cyanide, lipase, siderophores and indole acetic acid. Oxalic acid production by S. rolfsii was also inhibited by crude extracts of RP1A-12. In greenhouse studies, RP1A-12 reduced stem rot severity. Overall, our results suggest that isolate RP1A-12 has potential biocontrol capabilities against stem rot pathogen. Molecular characterization based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing of RP1A-12 identified it as a species of Streptomyces, closely related to S. flocculus.

ACS Style

Simi Jacob; Ramgopal Rao Sajjalaguddam; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; Rajeev Varshney; Hari Kishan Sudini. Assessing the prospects of Streptomyces sp. RP1A-12 in managing groundnut stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Journal of General Plant Pathology 2016, 82, 96 -104.

AMA Style

Simi Jacob, Ramgopal Rao Sajjalaguddam, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, Rajeev Varshney, Hari Kishan Sudini. Assessing the prospects of Streptomyces sp. RP1A-12 in managing groundnut stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Journal of General Plant Pathology. 2016; 82 (2):96-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simi Jacob; Ramgopal Rao Sajjalaguddam; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; Rajeev Varshney; Hari Kishan Sudini. 2016. "Assessing the prospects of Streptomyces sp. RP1A-12 in managing groundnut stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc." Journal of General Plant Pathology 82, no. 2: 96-104.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Groundnut seeds are prone to quality deterioration and damage due to improper storage. Hermetic\ud storage of pods offers a novel, sustainable and ecologically safe alternative over traditional methods. In\ud this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of triple-layer “Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS)” bags, (that\ud comprises of two inner high density polyethylene bags and one outer woven polypropylene bag), for\ud protecting pods from quality deterioration, damage by bruchids (Caryedon serratus) and aflatoxin\ud contamination (Aspergillus flavus). Custom made triple-layer bags were used and pods (of cv ICGV 91114)\ud were placed @ 2 kg/bag. Over four months of storage under ambient conditions, triple-layer bags supported\ud retention of seed weight, germinability and oil content significantly better than cloth bags.\ud Further, under both natural and artificial infestations with A. flavus, seed aflatoxins levels were lower in\ud PICS bags compared to cloth bags. Toxin accumulation in PICS bags deliberately infested with bruchids\ud and A. flavus was less compared to cloth bags under similar conditions. Bruchid damage to pods was less\ud in PICS bags versus cloth bags in all cases. Our results suggest the superiority of triple-layer PICS bags\ud over cloth bags in protecting seed viability, seed weight and oil content while safeguarding the\ud groundnuts from bruchids and retarding toxin accumulation

ACS Style

H. Sudini; G.V. Ranga Rao; C.L.L. Gowda; R. Chandrika; Venu M Margam; A. Rathore; L.L. Murdock. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for safe storage of groundnuts. Journal of Stored Products Research 2015, 64, 133 -138.

AMA Style

H. Sudini, G.V. Ranga Rao, C.L.L. Gowda, R. Chandrika, Venu M Margam, A. Rathore, L.L. Murdock. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for safe storage of groundnuts. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2015; 64 ():133-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Sudini; G.V. Ranga Rao; C.L.L. Gowda; R. Chandrika; Venu M Margam; A. Rathore; L.L. Murdock. 2015. "Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for safe storage of groundnuts." Journal of Stored Products Research 64, no. : 133-138.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2015 in Australasian Plant Pathology
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Late leaf spot (LLS) (Phaeoisariopsis personata) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) are major foliar diseases of peanut causing significant losses worldwide. Identification and infusion of resistance into peanut cultivars is important in the management of these diseases. The present study therefore aimed at screening the peanut mini core collection to identify potential sources of resistance to these diseases. Two separate field experiments were conducted for screening LLS and rust under artificial epiphytotic conditions during rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013 at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. The trials were laid in a randomized complete block design on beds with three replications. Data on LLS and rust disease severities were collected using 1 to 9 scales at 75, 90 and 105 days after sowing (DAS), and pod yields were recorded at harvest. Results indicate significant variations among accessions for LLS and rust resistance. Mean of 2 years study revealed that 53 accessions were moderately resistant (MR), 86 accessions were susceptible (S) and 45 accessions were highly susceptible (HS) to LLS. For rust disease, 10 accessions were resistant (R), 115 accessions were with ‘MR’ reaction and 59 accessions with susceptible (S) reaction. Six superior accessions in terms of combined disease resistance and yield (ICGs 4389, 6993, 11426, 4746, 6022, 11088) were selected and the disease progress curves, for each, were generated. Highest yields were recorded with ICG 11426 in LLS and rust plots. Overall, our results indicate that these six accessions can be potential sources of LLS and rust resistance.

ACS Style

H. Sudini; Hari D. Upadhyaya; S. V. Reddy; U. Naga Mangala; A. Rathore; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar. Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in ICRISAT’s mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Australasian Plant Pathology 2015, 44, 557 -566.

AMA Style

H. Sudini, Hari D. Upadhyaya, S. V. Reddy, U. Naga Mangala, A. Rathore, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar. Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in ICRISAT’s mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Australasian Plant Pathology. 2015; 44 (5):557-566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Sudini; Hari D. Upadhyaya; S. V. Reddy; U. Naga Mangala; A. Rathore; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar. 2015. "Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in ICRISAT’s mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Australasian Plant Pathology 44, no. 5: 557-566.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut by Aspergillus section Flavi is a major pre- and post-harvest problem causing kernel-quality loss. Post-harvest aflatoxin contamination is caused initially by infestation of aflatoxigenic strains at the pre-harvest stage, resulting in reduced kernel quality after harvest. Improper handling of pods and storage methods after harvest lead to high moisture and ambient temperatures, directly causing aflatoxin contamination. In this review, we report the extent of post-harvest contamination along the groundnut value chain in the Kolokani, Kayes, and Kita districts of Mali in West Africa. Groundnut kernels and paste samples were collected from retailers in selected markets from December 2010 to June 2011, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was estimated. Aflatoxin was significantly higher in groundnut paste than in kernels. Kolokani recorded the highest toxin levels in both kernels and groundnut paste compared with the other districts. Overall, AFB1 levels in kernels and paste increased during storage at the market level in the three districts and were above permissible levels (≯20 μg/kg). The effect of weather factors on post-harvest contamination and the reasons for aflatoxin build-up in Mali are discussed. This paper also highlights different management tools for reducing post-harvest aflatoxin contamination, such as post-harvest grain handling, post-harvest machinery, physical separation, storage methods and conditions, disinfestation, detoxification, inactivation, filtration, binding agents, and antifungal compounds. Post-harvest management options and enhanced use of good agricultural practices for mitigating this problem in Mali are also presented.

ACS Style

F. Waliyar; M. Osiru; B.R. Ntare; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; H. Sudini; A. Traore; B. Diarra. Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 245 -252.

AMA Style

F. Waliyar, M. Osiru, B.R. Ntare, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, H. Sudini, A. Traore, B. Diarra. Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2015; 8 (2):245-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Waliyar; M. Osiru; B.R. Ntare; K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; H. Sudini; A. Traore; B. Diarra. 2015. "Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2: 245-252.

Clinical trial
Published: 01 May 2014 in Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
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Aflatoxin B1 is a carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus and a few related fungi that are often present in many food substances. It interacts synergistically with Hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HBC) infection, thereby increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The G to T transversion at the third position of codon 249 (AGG) of the TP53 gene, substituting arginine to serine, is the most common aflatoxin-induced mutation linked to HCC. This study examined mutations in TP53 by PCR-RFLP analysis and by measurement of an aflatoxin-albumin adduct as a biomarker for human exposure of aflatoxin B1 by indirect-competitive ELISA, in samples collected from healthy controls as well as patients with hepatitis in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 238 blood samples were analyzed the presence of the G to T mutation. Eighteen of these samples were from HBV-positive subjects, 112 of these were from subjects who had HBV-induced liver cirrhosis, and 108 samples were taken from subjects without HBV infection or liver cirrhosis (control group). The G to T mutation was detected in 10 samples, 8 of which were from subjects positive to both HBV and aflatoxin-albumin adduct in blood (p = 0.07); whilst two were from individuals who were HBV-negative, but positive for the aflatoxin-albumin adduct (p = 0.14). The aflatoxin-albumin adduct was detected in 37 of 238 samples, 29 samples were from HBV-positive subjects and eight were from individuals who were positive for both HBV and the TP53 mutation (p = 0.07). The concentration of aflatoxin-albumin adduct ranged from 2.5 to 667 pg/mg albumin. Despite low incidence of the G to T mutation, its detection in subjects positive to aflatoxin-adducts is indicative of a strong association between the mutation and aflatoxin exposure in India

ACS Style

S. Anitha; D. Raghunadharao; F. Waliyar; H. Sudini; M. Parveen; Ratna Rao; P. Lava Kumar. The association between exposure to aflatoxin, mutation in TP53, infection with hepatitis B virus, and occurrence of liver disease in a selected population in Hyderabad, India. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2014, 766, 23 -28.

AMA Style

S. Anitha, D. Raghunadharao, F. Waliyar, H. Sudini, M. Parveen, Ratna Rao, P. Lava Kumar. The association between exposure to aflatoxin, mutation in TP53, infection with hepatitis B virus, and occurrence of liver disease in a selected population in Hyderabad, India. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2014; 766 ():23-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Anitha; D. Raghunadharao; F. Waliyar; H. Sudini; M. Parveen; Ratna Rao; P. Lava Kumar. 2014. "The association between exposure to aflatoxin, mutation in TP53, infection with hepatitis B virus, and occurrence of liver disease in a selected population in Hyderabad, India." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 766, no. : 23-28.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2013 in African Journal of Microbiology Research
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The present study evaluated interactions of the biological control agent Bacillus subtilisstrain MBI 600 (Integral®) and Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultrastructural effects related to antibiosis were studied by dual culture of B. subtilis (MBI 600) and R. solani on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Hyphal growth near the inhibition zone was processed. To study the effects of hyperparasitism on fungal ultrastructure, Integral was sprayed on R. solani mycelia and observations were made three days later. Interactions of B. subtilis (MBI 600) and R.solani in planta were determined by spraying detached rice leaves with B. subtilis (MBI 600) and then inoculating with sclerotia of R. solani. In addition, sclerotia were dipped in Integral for 24 h, and cut sections were then observed. Overall the results indicate that B. subtilis (MBI 600) caused loss of structural integrity, shriveling, abnormal coiling, and lysis of the R. solani hyphae due to antibiosis and hyperparasitism in dual culture assays. On rice leaves, B. subtilis (MBI 600) also caused abnormal coiling, shriveling, and break down of hyphae. Sclerotia of R. solani dipped in Integral resulted in colonization of B. subtilis(MBI 600), maceration, and fragmentation of inner walls. Our results suggest that B. subtilis (MBI 600) from the product Integral was highly effective in suppressing R. solani. Key words: Rice, Rhizoctonia solani, Bacillus subtilis, SEM, hyperparasitism, antibiosis.

ACS Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; S. Kr. Yellareddygari; M. S. Reddy; J. W. Kloepper; K. S. Lawrence; M. E. Miller; H. Sudini; X. G. Zhou; D. E. Groth. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2013, 7, 2078 -2086.

AMA Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, S. Kr. Yellareddygari, M. S. Reddy, J. W. Kloepper, K. S. Lawrence, M. E. Miller, H. Sudini, X. G. Zhou, D. E. Groth. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7 (19):2078-2086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; S. Kr. Yellareddygari; M. S. Reddy; J. W. Kloepper; K. S. Lawrence; M. E. Miller; H. Sudini; X. G. Zhou; D. E. Groth. 2013. "Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 (Integral) and the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani." African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, no. 19: 2078-2086.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2012 in Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods
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Food safety is equally important to food and nutritional security, and hence ICRISAT has given priority to this area of research. Aflatoxins are an important group of mycotoxins and pose a serious threat to food safety worldwide, but more particular developing countries where inappropriate post‐harvest handling and processing facilities increase the risks. Currently >75% of the countries in the world have their own regulations on aflatoxins, indicating the level of concern that the present day world is putting on food safety issues. Unfortunately, aflatoxin contamination is often invisible, and it is difficult to physically separate contaminated grains. So it is inevitable to estimate and quantify toxins in commodities to safeguard human and animal health. Commercially available analytical and chromatographic techniques to researchers and traders are expensive. Hence ICRISAT has developed simple and cost‐effective methods for detecting aflatoxins in various foods and feed commodities. ICRISAT has a fully equipped Mycotoxicology lab to produce monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for Aflatoxin B1 and polyclonal antibodies to other mycotoxins such as Aflatoxin M1, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisin B1 by immunizing the animals with respective toxin‐BSA conjugate (Devi et al. 1999, 2002). The antibodies are utilized to develop competitive ELISAs for the estimation of the toxin(s) in food, feed and milk. Two types of competitive ELISAs (direct and indirect) have been developed, and both types are heterogeneous assays that produce uniform results. The competitive ELISAs are simple, sensitive, rapid, versatile, and cost‐effective for aflatoxins estimation and the results obtained were comparable with that of HPLC analysis (Waliyar et al., 2009). The sensitivity of aflatoxin M1 detection is 0.5 μg/kg, and 1.0 μg/kg for other aflatoxins and ochratoxin, and 20 μg/kg for fumonisins. This suggests that these assays meet global standards for screening food samples. In all the assays the analysis cost is about US$ 1 per sample as against the $ 30 with HPLC systems. These detection tools provide unique opportunity for ICRISAT and its partners to test a large number of samples from field trials to devise pre‐ and post‐harvest management strategies and to deploy appropriate interventions in value chains to enhance the food safety, human/animal health, and trade. ICRISAT's thrust towards capacity building of its national partners lead to setting up of more than 20 aflatoxin detection laboratories and trained more than 150 scientists/technicians in India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines and Vietnam, that rely on ELISA technology. These laboratories are successfully contributing to the quality certification of farmers’ produce and enhancing product competitiveness in the global market. Recently ICRISAT developed a simple ELISA for quantitative estimation of Aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts in humans (Anitha et al., 2011).

ACS Style

H. Sudini; C.L.L. Gowda; F. Waliyar; S.V. Reddy. Developing cost-effective aflatoxin detection kits. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 2012, 4, 147 -147.

AMA Style

H. Sudini, C.L.L. Gowda, F. Waliyar, S.V. Reddy. Developing cost-effective aflatoxin detection kits. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods. 2012; 4 (3):147-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Sudini; C.L.L. Gowda; F. Waliyar; S.V. Reddy. 2012. "Developing cost-effective aflatoxin detection kits." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4, no. 3: 147-147.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2012 in Rice Science
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Rice sheath blight disease (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, gives rise to significant grain yield losses. The present study evaluated the efficacy of Integral®, the commercial liquid formulation of Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600, against rice ShB and for plant growth promotion. In greenhouse studies, four log concentrations of Integral (from 2.2×106 to 2.2×109 cfu/mL) were used as seed treatment (ST). After 25 d, seedlings were dipped (SD) into Integral prior to transplanting. At 30 d after transplanting (DAT), leaf sheaths were inoculated with immature sclerotia of the pathogen. At 45 DAT, a foliar spray (FS) with Integral was applied to some treatments. The fungicide control was 50% carbendazim at 1.0 g/L, and a nontreated control was also included. Overall, there were 10 treatments, each with five replications. ShB severity was rated at 52 DAT, and seedling height and number of tillers per plant were rated at 60 DAT. In 2009, two field trials evaluated Integral at 2.2×108 and 2.2×109 cfu/mL. Integral was applied as ST, and seedlings were produced in a nursery bed. After 32 d, seedlings were treated with Integral as SD and transplanted into 10 m2 blocks. Foliar sprays were given at 45 and 60 DAT. There were seven treatments, each with eight replications arranged as a factorial randomized complete block design. At 20 DAT, the plots were broadcast inoculated with R. solani produced on rice grains. Seedling height before transplanting, ShB severity at 90 DAT, and grain yield at harvest were recorded. Integral at 2.2×109 cfu/mL provided significant increase of seedling heights over other treatments under greenhouse conditions. The Integral treatments of ST + SD + FS at 2.2×109 cfu/mL significantly suppressed ShB over other treatments. In field studies, Integral provided significant increase of seedling height in nursery, and number of tillers per plant, compared with the control. ShB severity was significantly suppressed with higher concentrations of Integral compared to lower concentrations. Grain yield were the highest at an Integral concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL. Overall, Integral significantly reduced ShB severity, enhanced seedling growth, number of tillers per plant and grain yield as ST + SD + FS at the concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL under the conditions evaluated.

ACS Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; S. Kr. Yellareddygari; M.S. Reddy; J.W. Kloepper; K.S. Lawrence; X.G. Zhou; H. Sudini; D.E. Groth; S. Krishnam Raju; M.E. Miller. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice. Rice Science 2012, 19, 55 -63.

AMA Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, S. Kr. Yellareddygari, M.S. Reddy, J.W. Kloepper, K.S. Lawrence, X.G. Zhou, H. Sudini, D.E. Groth, S. Krishnam Raju, M.E. Miller. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice. Rice Science. 2012; 19 (1):55-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Vijay Krishna Kumar; S. Kr. Yellareddygari; M.S. Reddy; J.W. Kloepper; K.S. Lawrence; X.G. Zhou; H. Sudini; D.E. Groth; S. Krishnam Raju; M.E. Miller. 2012. "Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice." Rice Science 19, no. 1: 55-63.