Urban trees play a vital role in mitigating climate changes, maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems. This study focuses on the assessment of the resilience of cherry plums to climate changes, a fruit-bearing species that offers diverse ecosystem services within multifunctional urban and suburban landscapes. This study examines flowering and fruiting in the context of climate characteristics, expressed through the Day of the Year (DOY), Growing Degree Days (GDDs), and a yield over 17 consecutive years. The results indicate significant shifts in the DOY but not in the GDD, apart from the end of flowering. The onset of flowering was earlier and the end postponed, extending the phenophase by an average of 4 days. The cherry plum’s yield was unaffected by climate changes, including extreme events like a late-spring frost. The stability of the cherry plum was confirmed by the phenological patterns of the bullace (cherry plum and blackthorn hybrid) exhibiting repeated flowering in the warmest year of 2023. The cherry plum is an adaptive species, with a high adaptability to a changing climate and a high resistance to late-spring frosts; thus, it is a favorable choice in urban design and planning, demonstrating resilience to climate shifts and thriving in polluted urban environments. It is especially appreciated for multiple ecosystem services: biodiversity conservation in natural and semi-natural areas, yielding good provisions in challenging environments, and the preservation of ornamental values through an extended flowering phenophase.

The study focuses on describing key events in the flowering phenophases of woody taxa that promote practical landscape sustainability and design planning. Apart from the beginning of flowering, the full development and the duration of phenophases are important for landscape architecture, consumers, and pollination. The phenological patterns of 13 woody taxa were monitored for 16 years through 90,860 phenological observations from the BBCH scale for the period 2007–2022. Growing degree days were determined by combining phenological and climatic data and a linear trend was used to assess phenophase tendencies. Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to assess statistical significance. Shifts in flowering indicated warming trends, reflecting various changes in phenology. Early flowering taxa were affected the most, but plants shifted phenophases in both directions (earlier and later in the year). Repeated flowering (and occasionally fruiting) and even third flowering, as seen in 2022, can significantly affect biodiversity and lead to plant–pollinator asynchrony and changes in ecosystem functioning, ecological interaction, and landscape design. A list of native and introduced taxa and their adaptation mechanisms to climate change are provided and can be used for sustainable landscape design and nature-based solutions in landscape architecture.

Urban green infrastructure plays a crucial role in sustainable city development by offering a multitude of benefits, including improved environmental quality, increased social well-being, and enhanced economic prosperity. Evaluation and monitoring of regulatory implementation stand as essential components in the advancement of urban green infrastructure (GI) as they indicate the efficacy of regulatory acts and enable the assessment of their implementation success and adaptability to identified needs. This study identifies barriers and drivers based on the views of 352 professionals surveyed between 2018 and 2023 in Serbia. The primary data collection method employed questionnaire surveys. This study identified a range of barriers within existing legal frameworks, foremost of which include the lack of coordination and coherence between relevant ministries and governmental agencies, insufficient financial and human resources, the lack of transparency in the regulation development process, the need for strengthening technical capacities, and the absence of an adequate urban GI strategy. This research serves as a foundation for conceptualising GI regulatory elements that enhance urban GI development. Addressing these barriers necessitates efforts to improve coordination and collaboration among stakeholders, increase public participation, and enhance transparency in the regulatory process.

Given the growing impact of climate change, this study examines the flowering phenology of Rosa rugosa Thunb. in Kupinovo (Vojvodina, Serbia). Data collected over 18 years (2007–2024) were analyzed to assess changes in primary flowering, while secondary flowering was monitored from 2022 to 2025. Phenological stages were recorded every other day, and dates were converted into day-of-year (DOY) values. Heat accumulation (GDD) was calculated using daily max/min temperatures and thresholds. In 2024, R. rugosa exhibited a 37-day earlier onset and a 50.4-day later completion of primary flowering compared to previous years. The variability of key phenological events of primary flowering was observed in the interaction with climatic parameters, with regular fruiting. The species proved tolerant to heat and drought, suggesting potential range expansion. Optimal temperatures for secondary flowering were identified: abundant flowering occurred at 13.6 °C max and 4.9 °C min, while moderate flowering occurred at 9.0 °C max and 4.2 °C min. Regression analysis confirmed the positive effect of rising temperatures on flowering intensity. While freezing halted secondary flowering and damaged open buds, unopened buds remained unaffected. These findings highlight R. rugosa as a resilient, ornamental species, relevant to climate adaptation strategies, nature-based solutions, and the preservation of ecosystem services under global warming scenarios.

Urban tree planting is widely promoted for its benefits, but the long-term condition of trees is poorly documented, especially as changing and often incompatible conditions, intensified by climate change, affect their ability to deliver those benefits. A case study in Topčider Park (since 1836) was conducted during 2025 through the evaluation of diversity, growth parameters, ornamental value, vitality, and total fresh biomass and the identification of tree taxa with high carbon-sequestration potential in Belgrade (Serbia). The data were statistically processed using descriptive statistics, the Shannon diversity and the Pielou evenness index, PCA, Spearman rank and Chi-square tests. The results indicated a wide distribution and high homogeneity of taxa, greater stability within Angiospermae and moderate stability within Gymnospermae, with PCA showing no correlations between growth parameters, vitality, and ornamental value, confirming the close proximity of all taxa. At the taxon level, London plane, English oak, Ginkgo and Bald cypress stood out in growth parameters, while the assessment of total fresh biomass for all 51 taxa highlighted London plane, Scots pine and Bald cypress as particularly productive and adaptive. Carbon sequestration and CO₂ reduction varied with total fresh biomass. The study offers evidence-based recommendations for selecting urban tree taxa to enhance ecosystem services and support climate-adaptation efforts in urban planning.

One of the emerging services provided by roadside green infrastructure is its contribution to the quality of landscape phenology, which is measured through the succession of colours and forms throughout the seasons. In the seasonal dynamics of space, flowering phenological patterns play a key role, particularly in early blooming species such as Cornus mas L. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the significance of the Cornelian cherry as a component of roadside green infrastructure in the southwestern suburban zone of Belgrade. Through an integrative approach to phenological and climatic elements, and by means of a specific case study covering the period from 2007 to 2025, under climate change conditions, the influence of air temperature and precipitation on local flowering patterns of the Cornelian cherry has been assessed. Based on 1140 phenological observations conducted over 19 consecutive years, from January to April, key flowering elements were identified—those that influence pollination, fruiting, and the species’ practical potential. The Mann–Kendall, Sen’s slope, Rayleigh, and Watson–Williams tests were used to examine spatio-temporal changes in flowering patterns, while the Spearman Rank test and circular statistics were applied to quantify correlations among the analysed parameters. The results confirm that Cornelian cherry is an adaptive and sustainable species that continuously provides visual identity during its flowering period, while simultaneously reflecting climate change through phenological responses. These phenological responses are closely linked to local climatic conditions. In addition to enriching landscape phenology with vibrant visual features during the colder months, Cornelian cherry also enhances biodiversity by providing ecosystem services as a nectar-producing species, with its pollen serving as an early and valuable food source for bees. The study also confirms that the seasonal dynamics of landscape phenology can be used as a scientifically valid criterion for assessing the ecological quality of roadside green infrastructure.