Bupropion (Bup) belongs to the norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) class and it is the only FDA-approved drug of its class for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), sold under the name of Wellbutrin. Although bupropion is effective in suppressing the symptoms, its regular use and overdose might lead to seizures and liver failure. Thus, we aimed to nanoformulate bupropion onto a niosomal vesicle to improve its efficacy and achieve the same therapeutic effect at lower scheduled doses. A thin film hydration method was adopted to synthesize and optimize Bup entrapped niosomes using three different surfactants of the sorbitan ester series (Span 20, 40, and 60) in combination with cholesterol. The optimization data determined that the niosome formulated with a cholesterol-to-surfactant ratio of 1:1.5 is the most stable system, with the Bup entrapped niosomes containing Span 20 (Bup@N₂₀C) exhibiting minimal in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and demonstrating the sustained release of Bup in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). The Bup@N₂₀C formulation showed increased exploration activity and reduced irregular movements in reserpine-induced depression in the adult zebrafish model, suggesting the potential for mood improvement through the suppression of depression-like behavior which was established by statistical analysis and trajectory data. The Bup@N₂₀C-treated group even surpasses the treatment effect of the positive control group and is comparable to the control group. Hence, it can be inferred that niosomal formulations of Bup represent a promising delivery system capable of achieving the brain delivery of the cargo by bypassing the blood–brain barrier facilitated by their small architectural structure.

Absatract: The effectiveness, cell viability, and selective delivery of medications and diagnostic substances to target organs, tissues, and organs are typical concerns in the care and prognosis of many illnesses. Neurological diseases pose complex challenges, as cerebral targeting represents a yet unresolved challenge in pharmacotherapy, owing to the blood-brain boundary, a densely com-pacted membrane of endothelial cells that prohibits undesired chemicals from reaching the brain. Engineered nanoparticles, with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm, provide intriguing biomedi-cal techniques that may allow for resolving these issues, including the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has substantially explored nanoparticles in the previous century, contributing to sub-stantial progress in biomedical studies and medical procedures. Using many synthesized nanoparti-cles on the molecular level has given many potential gains in various domains of regenerative medi-cine, such as illness detection, cascaded cell treatment, tissue regeneration, medication, and gene editing. This review will encapsulate the novel developments of nanostructured components used in neurological diseases with an emphasis on the most recent discoveries and forecasts for the future of varied biological nanoparticles for tissue repair, drug inventions, and the synthesizing of the deliv-ery mechanism.

Preeclampsia (PE) is defined as new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation with evidence of maternal organ or uteroplacental dysfunction or proteinuria. PE is a leading cause of maternal death, with about 55000 deaths worldwide each year. Toxic substances that damage the maternal vascular endothelium induce PE, resulting in liver and kidney malfunction. It is crucial for obstetricians to identify as early as possible the patients who are at risk for PE. Polycystic ovarian disease, sleeping disorders, urinary infections, periodontal disease, smoking, lifestyle and familial history of PE are the major risk factors involved in this disease. VEGF, sFlt1, sENG, PAPP-A, inhibin A and activin A proteins, fetal hemoglobin, heat shock protein and placental protein have been helpful in predicting or diagnosing PE and in understanding its pathogenesis. In addition, a better understanding of PE pathogenesis would aid in identifying the most effective treatments that do not impair the fetus’ prognosis. The aim of our study is a review of the pathophysiology and biomarkers, such as pro- and anti-angiogenic substances, that may be useful in the detection of PE in the future.