Although in recent years, there have been many studies to determine the cognitive performance of athletes, there are significant differences in the methodological approaches of these studies. Therefore, this methodology‐focused systematic review aims to analyze the application methods of cognitive test studies with athletes and to provide standard recommendations for further studies. For this purpose, three electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched using predetermined keywords. As a result of the screening, 25 studies were included in the review. The result of this systematic review focused on the methodology of applying cognitive tests and observed considerable heterogeneity in methodological procedures applied in studies investigating the cognitive performance of athletes. The findings of this review highlight the need for the development of standardized procedures for the assessment of cognitive performance in future research while offering practical recommendations for researchers and coaches working in this area.

Objectives: This study aims to compare the efficacy of the eccentric exercise (EE) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy and evaluate the efficacy of these treatment modalities on tendon thickness, vascularity, and elasticity. Patients and methods: In this randomized controlled trial, a total of 63 patients (40 females, 23 males; mean age: 37.3±12.2; range, 18 to 55 years) with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy were enrolled between April 2017 and December 2019. The patients were allocated randomly to two groups: the first group was treated with EE every day for three months with the Alfredson protocol, and the second group received four sessions of ESWT at weekly intervals. The study was terminated at the end of three months. Visual Analog Scales (VAS), Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaires, and ultrasonography measurements were assessed before and after treatment. Patient pain was evaluated at the two-year follow-up. Results: At the three-month follow up, VAS scores decreased, and VISA-A scores increased in both groups (p<0.001). At the two-year-follow-up, VAS scores significantly decreased in the EE group (p<0.001), but the difference was statistically insignificant in the ESWT group (p=0.095). Tendon thickness and stiffness increased in the EE group (p=0.003 and p=0.03, respectively) while the difference was statistically insignificant in the ESWT group after treatment (p=0.173 and p=0.702, respectively). Conclusion: Eccentric exercise and ESWT are efficient in the short term, whereas EE is efficient on tendon pain in the long term. While EE increases tendon thickness and stiffness, ESWT has no effect on these measures.

Stress fractures are common in highly active people, such as athletes or those in the military. They occur frequently in the lower extremities but sternal stress fractures are rare injuries.We pres...

Objective: Musculoskeletal pain is a common health problem in women, especially during pregnancy and the postpartum period, a possible reason for which is the lack of adequate physical activity. Nonetheless, very few studies have determined the relationship between physical activity level and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity level and musculoskeletal pain in physician mothers within two years after childbirth. Material and Methods: This study was an online cross-sectional self-report survey. An online questionnaire was administered to physician mothers via the online "Physician Mothers" social group in Facebook, with 3,787 members. A total of 127 participants responded to the questionnaire, which consisted of three parts, namely, sociodemographic information, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. Results: The average age of the participants was 32.5±3.5 years. The physical activity level turned out to be inactive in 91 participants (71%), moderate in 30 (24%), and vigorous in six (5%). The most frequent musculoskeletal complaint after childbirth was back pain (n=112, 88.2%), followed by lower back pain (n=109, 85.8%), neck pain (n=70, 55.1%), and hip pain (n=52, 40.9%). There was no significant relationship between physical activity level and musculoskeletal pain in physician mothers (p=0.441). Conclusion: In this study, physician mothers were found to be mostly physically inactive, and their activity level was not observed to be related to their musculoskeletal pain.