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Prof. Dr. Nazim Gruda
University of Bonn

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0 Climate Change
0 Climate Change Adaptation
0 Product Quality
0 Substrates
0 Vegetables

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Substrates
Vegetables
Climate Change
Product Quality
climate change and impacts
Climate change and water resources
product quality of fruit and vegetables
Soilless Culture
growing media
protected cultivation
Climate Change Adaptation

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Review
Published: 12 August 2021 in Horticulturae
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Soilless culture systems are currently one of the fastest-growing sectors in horticulture. The plant roots are confined into a specific rootzone and are exposed to environmental changes and cultivation factors. The recent scientific evidence regarding the effects of several environmental and cultivation factors on the morphology, architecture, and performance of the root system of plants grown in SCS are the objectives of this study. The effect of root restriction, nutrient solution, irrigation frequency, rootzone temperature, oxygenation, vapour pressure deficit, lighting, rootzone pH, root exudates, CO2, and beneficiary microorganisms on the functionality and performance of the root system are discussed. Overall, the main results of this review demonstrate that researchers have carried out great efforts in innovation to optimize SCS water and nutrients supply, proper temperature, and oxygen levels at the rootzone and effective plant–beneficiary microorganisms, while contributing to plant yields. Finally, this review analyses the new trends based on emerging technologies and various tools that might be exploited in a smart agriculture approach to improve root management in soilless cropping while procuring a deeper understanding of plant root–shoot communication.

ACS Style

Astrit Balliu; Youbin Zheng; Glenda Sallaku; Juan A. Fernández; Nazim S. Gruda; Yuksel Tuzel. Environmental and Cultivation Factors Affect the Morphology, Architecture and Performance of Root Systems in Soilless Grown Plants. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 243 .

AMA Style

Astrit Balliu, Youbin Zheng, Glenda Sallaku, Juan A. Fernández, Nazim S. Gruda, Yuksel Tuzel. Environmental and Cultivation Factors Affect the Morphology, Architecture and Performance of Root Systems in Soilless Grown Plants. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (8):243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Astrit Balliu; Youbin Zheng; Glenda Sallaku; Juan A. Fernández; Nazim S. Gruda; Yuksel Tuzel. 2021. "Environmental and Cultivation Factors Affect the Morphology, Architecture and Performance of Root Systems in Soilless Grown Plants." Horticulturae 7, no. 8: 243.

Publisher correction
Published: 08 July 2021 in Plant and Soil
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ACS Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. Correction to: Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2? Plant and Soil 2021, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Xun Li, Jinlong Dong, Nazim Gruda, Wenying Chu, Zengqiang Duan. Correction to: Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2? Plant and Soil. 2021; ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. 2021. "Correction to: Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2?" Plant and Soil , no. : 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Horticulturae
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The effects of four commercial substrates, a peat-based substrate, and three coir types (coir pith, coir chips, and coir pith + fibers) on yield, phytochemical accumulation, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in Spinacia oleracea L. cv. ‘Manatee’. Soil-blocked spinach seedlings were transplanted into Styrofoam planting boxes filled with the substrate. Each planting box was irrigated daily by drip with a complete nutrient solution, and the irrigation scheduling was optimized to the peat. Leaf area and fresh yield in coir pith and coir pith + fiber were similar to those obtained in peat. However, shoot dry weight accumulation and leaf chlorophyll were lower in plants grown in coir. Substrate type did not affect leaf carotenoids. Total flavonoid content was higher in plants grown in the different types of coir. Total phenols and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were higher in plants grown in coir pith. This indicates that the different coir types, mainly coir pith, may provide an alternative to peat since they allowed a high fresh yield to be reached and the total flavonoids to be increased. In contrast, the levels of other phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were usual for spinach. However, further research is necessary to analyze the effects of irrigation scheduling and the nutrient solution adjusted to each growing medium on yield and phytochemical accumulation.

ACS Style

Rui Machado; Isabel Alves-Pereira; Rui Ferreira; Nazim Gruda. Coir, an Alternative to Peat—Effects on Plant Growth, Phytochemical Accumulation, and Antioxidant Power of Spinach. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 127 .

AMA Style

Rui Machado, Isabel Alves-Pereira, Rui Ferreira, Nazim Gruda. Coir, an Alternative to Peat—Effects on Plant Growth, Phytochemical Accumulation, and Antioxidant Power of Spinach. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (6):127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Machado; Isabel Alves-Pereira; Rui Ferreira; Nazim Gruda. 2021. "Coir, an Alternative to Peat—Effects on Plant Growth, Phytochemical Accumulation, and Antioxidant Power of Spinach." Horticulturae 7, no. 6: 127.

Regular article
Published: 14 May 2021 in Plant and Soil
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Aims Studies dealing with plants’ mineral nutrient status under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) are usually conducted in closed hydroponic systems, in which nutrient solutions are entirely renewed every several days. Here, we investigated the contribution of the fluctuation of concentrations of N ([N]), P ([P]), and K ([K]) in nutrient solutions in this short period on their concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to different [CO2] and N levels. Methods Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were hydroponically grown under two [CO2] and three N levels. [N], [P], and [K] in nutrient solutions and cucumber plants were analyzed. Results The transpiration rate (Tr) was significantly inhibited by eCO2, whereas Tr per plant was increased due to the larger leaf area. Elevated [CO2] significantly decreased [N] in low N nutrient solutions, which imposed an additional decrease in [N] in plants. [P] in nutrient solutions fluctuated slightly, so the change of [P] in plants might be attributed to the dilution effect and the demand change under eCO2. [K] in moderate and high N nutrient solutions were significantly decreased, which exacerbated the [K] decrease in plants under eCO2. Conclusions The short-term fluctuation of [N] and [K] in nutrient solutions is caused by the asynchronous uptakes of N, K, and water under eCO2, which has an appreciable influence on [N] and [K] in plants besides the dilution effect. This defect of the closed hydroponic system may let us exaggerate the negative impact of eCO2 itself on [N] and [K] in plants.

ACS Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2? Plant and Soil 2021, 465, 125 -141.

AMA Style

Xun Li, Jinlong Dong, Nazim Gruda, Wenying Chu, Zengqiang Duan. Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2? Plant and Soil. 2021; 465 (1-2):125-141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. 2021. "Does the short-term fluctuation of mineral element concentrations in the closed hydroponic experimental facilities affect the mineral concentrations in cucumber plants exposed to elevated CO2?" Plant and Soil 465, no. 1-2: 125-141.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2020 in Agronomy
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The floating system is a successful strategy for producing baby leaf vegetables. Moreover, compost from agricultural and agri-food industry wastes is an alternative to peat that can be used as a component of growing media in this cultivation system. In this study, we experimented with three composts containing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), leek (Allium porrum L.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), and/or olive (Olea europaea L.) mill cake residues, which were used as the main component (75/25 volume/volume) of three growing media (GM1, GM2 and GM3) to evaluate their effect on the growth and quality of red baby leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). We used a commercial peat substrate as a control treatment (100% volume) and in mixtures (25% volume) with the composts. The plants were cultivated over two growing cycles, in spring and summer, and harvested twice in each cycle when the plants had four to five leaves. We found that the percentage of seed germination was significantly higher in plants grown in peat than in those grown in compost growing media. The yield was affected by the growing media in the summer cycle, and we obtained the highest value with GM1. Furthermore, the second cut was more productive than the first one for all the growing media in both cycles. The lettuce quality was also affected by the growing media. In general, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in the leaves was higher in plants grown in the compost growing media, particularly in the second cut, but the nitrate content in the leaves was greater in some of the compost treatments compared with the peat treatment. In addition, an in vitro suppressive activity study demonstrated that the interaction between different fungi and bacteria observed through metagenomics analysis could contribute to the effectiveness of the compost in controlling Pythium irregulare. The use of compost as a component of the growing media in the production of baby leaf vegetables in a floating system does not only favor the crop yield and product quality, but also shows suppressive effects against P. irregulare.

ACS Style

Almudena Giménez; Juan A. Fernández; José A. Pascual; Margarita Ros; José Saez-Tovar; Encarnación Martinez-Sabater; Nazim S. Gruda; Catalina Egea-Gilabert. Promising Composts as Growing Media for the Production of Baby Leaf Lettuce in a Floating System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1540 .

AMA Style

Almudena Giménez, Juan A. Fernández, José A. Pascual, Margarita Ros, José Saez-Tovar, Encarnación Martinez-Sabater, Nazim S. Gruda, Catalina Egea-Gilabert. Promising Composts as Growing Media for the Production of Baby Leaf Lettuce in a Floating System. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (10):1540.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Almudena Giménez; Juan A. Fernández; José A. Pascual; Margarita Ros; José Saez-Tovar; Encarnación Martinez-Sabater; Nazim S. Gruda; Catalina Egea-Gilabert. 2020. "Promising Composts as Growing Media for the Production of Baby Leaf Lettuce in a Floating System." Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1540.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2020 in Agronomy
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Simplified soilless cultivation (SSC) systems have globally spread as growing solutions for low fertility soil regions, low availability of water irrigation, small areas and polluted environments. In the present study, four independent experiments were conducted for assessing the applicability of SSC in the northeast of Brazil (NE-Brazil) and the central dry zone of Myanmar (CDZ-Myanmar). In the first two experiments, the potentiality for lettuce crop production and water use efficiency (WUE) in an SSC system compared to traditional on-soil cultivation was addressed. Then, the definition of how main crop features (cultivar, nutrient solution concentration, system orientation and crop position) within the SSC system affect productivity was evidenced. The adoption of SSC improved yield (+35% and +72%, in NE-Brazil and CDZ-Myanmar) and WUE (7.7 and 2.7 times higher, in NE-Brazil and CDZ-Myanmar) as compared to traditional on-soil cultivation. In NE-Brazil, an eastern orientation of the system enabled achievement of higher yield for some selected lettuce cultivars. Furthermore, in both the considered contexts, a lower concentration of the nutrient solution (1.2 vs. 1.8 dS m−1) and an upper plant position within the SSC system enabled achievement of higher yield and WUE. The experiments validate the applicability of SSC technologies for lettuce cultivation in tropical areas.

ACS Style

Nicola Michelon; Giuseppina Pennisi; Nang Ohn Myint; Giacomo Dall’Olio; Lucrecia Pacheco Batista; Adeodato Ari Cavalcante Salviano; Nazim S. Gruda; Francesco Orsini; Giorgio Gianquinto. Strategies for Improved Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) through Simplified Soilless Cultivation under Semi-Arid Climate. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1379 .

AMA Style

Nicola Michelon, Giuseppina Pennisi, Nang Ohn Myint, Giacomo Dall’Olio, Lucrecia Pacheco Batista, Adeodato Ari Cavalcante Salviano, Nazim S. Gruda, Francesco Orsini, Giorgio Gianquinto. Strategies for Improved Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) through Simplified Soilless Cultivation under Semi-Arid Climate. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicola Michelon; Giuseppina Pennisi; Nang Ohn Myint; Giacomo Dall’Olio; Lucrecia Pacheco Batista; Adeodato Ari Cavalcante Salviano; Nazim S. Gruda; Francesco Orsini; Giorgio Gianquinto. 2020. "Strategies for Improved Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) through Simplified Soilless Cultivation under Semi-Arid Climate." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1379.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2020 in Horticulturae
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Crop production in arid regions requires continuous irrigation to fulfill water demand throughout the growing season. Agronomic measures, such as roots-soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, have emerged in recent years to overcome soil constraints and improve water use efficiency (WUE). Eggplant plants were exposed to varying water stress under inoculated (AM+) and non-inoculated (AM−) to evaluate yield performance along with plant physiological status. Plants grown under full irrigation resulted in the highest fruit yield, and there were significant reductions in total yield and yield components when applying less water. The decline in fruit yield was due to the reduction in the number of fruits rather than the weight of the fruit per plant. AM+ plants showed more favorable growth conditions, which translated into better crop yield, total dry biomass, and number of fruits under all irrigation treatments. The fruit yield did not differ between full irrigation and 80% evapotranspiration (ET) restoration with AM+, but a 20% reduction in irrigation water was achieved. Water use efficiency (WUE) was negatively affected by deficit irrigation, particularly at 40% ET, when the water deficit severely depressed fruit yield. Yield response factor (Ky) showed a lower tolerance with a value higher than 1, with a persistent drop in WUE suggesting a lower tolerance to water deficits. The (Ky) factor was relatively lower with AM+ than with AM− for the total fruit yield and dry biomass (Kss), indicating that AM may enhance the drought tolerance of the crop. Plants with AM+ had a higher uptake of N and P in shoots and fruits, higher stomatal conductance (gs), and higher photosynthetic rates (Pn), regardless of drought severity. Soil with AM+ had higher extractable N, P, and organic carbon (OC), indicating an improvement of the fertility status in coping with a limited water supply.

ACS Style

M. A. Badr; W. A. El-Tohamy; S. D. Abou-Hussein; N. S. Gruda. Deficit Irrigation and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza as a Water-Saving Strategy for Eggplant Production. Horticulturae 2020, 6, 45 .

AMA Style

M. A. Badr, W. A. El-Tohamy, S. D. Abou-Hussein, N. S. Gruda. Deficit Irrigation and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza as a Water-Saving Strategy for Eggplant Production. Horticulturae. 2020; 6 (3):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. A. Badr; W. A. El-Tohamy; S. D. Abou-Hussein; N. S. Gruda. 2020. "Deficit Irrigation and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza as a Water-Saving Strategy for Eggplant Production." Horticulturae 6, no. 3: 45.

Review
Published: 03 July 2020 in Horticulturae
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Increasing longevity, along with an aging population in Europe, has caused serious concerns about diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. As recently noted during the coronavirus pandemic, regular exercise and a robust immune system complemented by adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables are recommended due to their known health benefits. Although the volume of fresh vegetable consumption in the EU is barely growing, demand for diversified, nutritious, and exotic vegetables has been increasing. Therefore, the European market for fresh Asian vegetables is expected to expand across the EU member states, and the introduction of new vegetables has enormous potential. We conducted this review to address the high number and wide range of Asian vegetable species with a commercial potential for introduction into the current European vegetable market. Many of them have not received any attention yet. Four Asian vegetables: (1) Korean ginseng sprout, (2) Korean cabbage, (3) Coastal hog fennel and (4) Japanese (Chinese or Korean) angelica tree, are further discussed. All of these vegetables possess several health benefits, are increasingly in demand, are easy to cultivate, and align with current trends of the European vegetable market, e.g., vegetables having a unique taste, higher value, are decorative and small. Introducing Asian vegetables will enhance the diversity of nutritious horticultural products in Europe, associated with all their respective consumption benefits. Future research on the Asian vegetable market within Europe is needed. In addition, experimental studies of Asian vegetables under practical conditions for their production in different European environments are required. Economic, social, and ecological aspects also ought to be considered.

ACS Style

JungHa Hong; Nazim S. Gruda. The Potential of Introduction of Asian Vegetables in Europe. Horticulturae 2020, 6, 38 .

AMA Style

JungHa Hong, Nazim S. Gruda. The Potential of Introduction of Asian Vegetables in Europe. Horticulturae. 2020; 6 (3):38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

JungHa Hong; Nazim S. Gruda. 2020. "The Potential of Introduction of Asian Vegetables in Europe." Horticulturae 6, no. 3: 38.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2020 in Agronomy
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The concentration changes of mineral elements in plants at different CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and nitrogen (N) supplies and the mechanisms which control such changes are not clear. Hydroponic trials on cucumber plants with three [CO2] (400, 625, and 1200 μmol mol−1) and five N supply levels (2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 mmol L−1) were conducted. When plants were in high N supply, the increase in total biomass by elevated [CO2] was 51.7% and 70.1% at the seedling and initial fruiting stages, respectively. An increase in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by more than 60%, a decrease in stomatal conductance (Gs) by 21.2–27.7%, and a decrease in transpiration rate (Tr) by 22.9–31.9% under elevated [CO2] were also observed. High N supplies could further improve the Pn and offset the decrease of Gs and Tr by elevated [CO2]. According to the mineral concentrations and the correlation results, we concluded the main factors affecting these changes. The dilution effect was the main factor driving the reduction of all mineral elements, whereas Tr also had a great impact on the decrease of [N], [K], [Ca], and [Mg] except [P]. In addition, the demand changes of N, Ca, and Mg influenced the corresponding element concentrations in cucumber plants.

ACS Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim S. Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. Interactive Effects of the CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Supply on the Biomass Accumulation, Gas Exchange Properties, and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Cucumber Plants at Different Growth Stages. Agronomy 2020, 10, 139 .

AMA Style

Xun Li, Jinlong Dong, Nazim S. Gruda, Wenying Chu, Zengqiang Duan. Interactive Effects of the CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Supply on the Biomass Accumulation, Gas Exchange Properties, and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Cucumber Plants at Different Growth Stages. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (1):139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Li; Jinlong Dong; Nazim S. Gruda; Wenying Chu; Zengqiang Duan. 2020. "Interactive Effects of the CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Supply on the Biomass Accumulation, Gas Exchange Properties, and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Cucumber Plants at Different Growth Stages." Agronomy 10, no. 1: 139.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Agronomy
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Biochar has the potential to be used as a growing media component, and therefore plays a role in reducing peat usage. It has unique properties apart from the ability to sequester carbon. Here we investigated the nutrient contents of four commercial biochars and their fractions. The biochars’ feedstock was wood waste, except for one with paper fibres and husk. The fine or finer fractions in wood waste biochars contained higher levels of nutrients that were available to plants. The coarse fraction of the biochar derived from husk and paper fibre feedstock had a higher level of total N, P and K in contrast to the other three biochars. The pH of the finer fraction (pH of 9.08) was also higher compared with coarse fraction (pH of 8.71). It is important that when biochar a is used as a component of a peat based growing media, particle size information should be provided, as fractions from the same biochar can have different levels of total extractable nutrients and pH levels. If biochar is used to replace or reduce lime application rates of a peat-biochar mixtures, one must take into account the levels of total and extractable Ca and Mg levels, as these can vary. The variation of these elements was not only between biochars’ feedstocks, even at similar pH-values, but within different fractions in the same biochar. We concluded that biochars should be characterized from the feedstock as well as from the particle size aspect, as it could have a profound effect on nutrient availability of Ca and Mg. This could lead to nutrient imbalances in cultivating plants on substrate mixtures. In addition to nutrient ratios, the suitable pH-level for a given grown species should be adjusted.

ACS Style

Munoo Prasad; Antonios Chrysargyris; Nicola McDaniel; Anna Kavanagh; Nazim S. Gruda; Nikolaos Tzortzakis. Plant Nutrient Availability and pH of Biochars and Their Fractions, with the Possible Use as a Component in a Growing Media. Agronomy 2019, 10, 10 .

AMA Style

Munoo Prasad, Antonios Chrysargyris, Nicola McDaniel, Anna Kavanagh, Nazim S. Gruda, Nikolaos Tzortzakis. Plant Nutrient Availability and pH of Biochars and Their Fractions, with the Possible Use as a Component in a Growing Media. Agronomy. 2019; 10 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munoo Prasad; Antonios Chrysargyris; Nicola McDaniel; Anna Kavanagh; Nazim S. Gruda; Nikolaos Tzortzakis. 2019. "Plant Nutrient Availability and pH of Biochars and Their Fractions, with the Possible Use as a Component in a Growing Media." Agronomy 10, no. 1: 10.

Book chapter
Published: 10 September 2019 in Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1
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ACS Style

Nazim Gruda. Assessing the impact of environmental factors on the quality of greenhouse produce. Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1 2019, 413 -444.

AMA Style

Nazim Gruda. Assessing the impact of environmental factors on the quality of greenhouse produce. Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1. 2019; ():413-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazim Gruda. 2019. "Assessing the impact of environmental factors on the quality of greenhouse produce." Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture Volume 1 , no. : 413-444.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2019 in Applied Soil Ecology
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It remains unclear whether elevated CO2 would increase N uptake of vegetable and alleviate soil degradation via reducing N residual in greenhouse soils. This study investigated the effect of three CO2 concentrations 400 (ambient CO2), 800 (elevated CO2) and 1200 μmol mol−1 (super-elevated CO2) and two N application rates 0.06 (low N) and 0.24 g N kg−1 (high N) on N uptake of cucumber plants and N cycling in a greenhouse soil in open top chambers. Elevated CO2 increased the biomass and N concentration of fine roots in high N by 24% and 4%, respectively, indicating a greater improvement in N uptake efficiency. The improvement was greater under low N but to a lesser extent under super-elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 altered microbial community as indicated by decreased Shannon diversity, substrate richness and Shannon evenness when averaged N treatments possibly associated with the increased plant N uptake efficiency. Elevated CO2 and super-elevated CO2 tended to decrease gene abundances of soil bacterial amoA, nirS and nosZ in high N with increased plant N uptake and decreased concentrations of NH4+, NO2− and NO3− in soils resulting in less soil N loss. To conclude, moderate CO2 enrichment enhances N uptake efficiency in fine roots of cucumber plants and decreases soil N loss associated with decreased nitrification and denitrification under high N application in a greenhouse soil.

ACS Style

Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Xun Li; Ying Tang; Zengqiang Duan. Impacts of elevated CO2 on nitrogen uptake of cucumber plants and nitrogen cycling in a greenhouse soil. Applied Soil Ecology 2019, 145, 103342 .

AMA Style

Jinlong Dong, Nazim Gruda, Xun Li, Ying Tang, Zengqiang Duan. Impacts of elevated CO2 on nitrogen uptake of cucumber plants and nitrogen cycling in a greenhouse soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 2019; 145 ():103342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinlong Dong; Nazim Gruda; Xun Li; Ying Tang; Zengqiang Duan. 2019. "Impacts of elevated CO2 on nitrogen uptake of cucumber plants and nitrogen cycling in a greenhouse soil." Applied Soil Ecology 145, no. : 103342.

Review
Published: 02 August 2019 in Horticulturae
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(1) Background: Climate change is on the rise due to continuous greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities ever since the industrial revolution. Changing weather conditions are likely to have consequences for horticulture. (2) Objective and Methods: A short literature review was conducted, gathering findings on climate change and the impacts on the yield and product quality of special crops. (3) Results: Global warming will result in elevated temperatures and CO2 concentrations in all seasons. Extreme weather events such as heat waves are also on the increase. In vegetables, physiological processes such as vernalization and winter chilling strongly rely on temperature. Therefore, heat stress may cause irregularities in yield production and planning the harvest. For fruit crops, frost poses a risk that is enhanced through climate change, as does a lack of chilling, as cold temperatures in the winter are required for flowering in the spring. Abiotic disorders in horticulture are also related to changing temperatures and humidity. The nutritional quality of special crops may be threatened by increasing rates of plant development and premature ripening at high temperatures. Quality traits such as sugars, acids, or antioxidant capacity may also shift as well. (4) Conclusions: Adapting to these new climate conditions means developing new climate-resilient varieties to maintain high production levels with superior quality. In this mini review, cultivation measures to mitigate adverse climate impacts are also discussed. Current developments and recent findings are presented, pointing out further steps toward adaptation and sustainable production.

ACS Style

Mehdi Bisbis; Nazim Gruda; Michael Blanke. Securing Horticulture in a Changing Climate—A Mini Review. Horticulturae 2019, 5, 56 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Bisbis, Nazim Gruda, Michael Blanke. Securing Horticulture in a Changing Climate—A Mini Review. Horticulturae. 2019; 5 (3):56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Bisbis; Nazim Gruda; Michael Blanke. 2019. "Securing Horticulture in a Changing Climate—A Mini Review." Horticulturae 5, no. 3: 56.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2019 in Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus
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Salt stress is known as one of the most severe abiotic factors limiting the plant production all over the world. In this study, three additives: (i) supplemental Ca (5 mmol L–1) to nutrient solution, (ii) foliar application of micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn at 60, 160 and 110 mg L–1, respectively), and (iii) combination of both of them were evaluated aiming to reduce the negative impact of salt stress on tomato plants cultivated in a soilless culture and improve the internal quality of fruits. The obtained results show that salinity reduced vegetative growth and physiological parameters, fruit yield and its components, and even more lowered fruit market classification of tomatoes. Salinity treatment reduced most of essential macro- and micronutrients in tomato fruit, whilst Na content was increased. Tomato productivity and fruit quality were ameliorated under saline conditions by increasing Ca into nutrient solution and applying a foliar application of micronutrients. A com- bination of both additives ranked the first to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity on tomatoes, followed by solo supplemental Ca into saline nutrient solution. On the other hand, the internal fruit quality of antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin C, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein as well as acidity, total soluble solid and dry matter percent, were increased under saline conditions.

ACS Style

Said Saleh; Guangmin Liu; Mingchi Liu; Wei Liu; Nazim Gruda; Hongju He. REDUCING THE SALINITY IMPACT ON SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATOES USING SUPPLEMENTAL CA AND FOLIAR MICRONUTRIENTS. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 2019, 18, 1 .

AMA Style

Said Saleh, Guangmin Liu, Mingchi Liu, Wei Liu, Nazim Gruda, Hongju He. REDUCING THE SALINITY IMPACT ON SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATOES USING SUPPLEMENTAL CA AND FOLIAR MICRONUTRIENTS. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus. 2019; 18 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Said Saleh; Guangmin Liu; Mingchi Liu; Wei Liu; Nazim Gruda; Hongju He. 2019. "REDUCING THE SALINITY IMPACT ON SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATOES USING SUPPLEMENTAL CA AND FOLIAR MICRONUTRIENTS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 3: 1.

Review
Published: 09 June 2019 in Agronomy
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Decreasing arable land, rising urbanization, water scarcity, and climate change exert pressure on agricultural producers. Moving from soil to soilless culture systems can improve water use efficiency, especially in closed-loop systems with a recirculating water/nutrient solution that recaptures the drain water for reuse. However, the question of alternative materials to peat and rockwool, as horticultural substrates, has become increasingly important, due to the despoiling of ecologically important peat bog areas and a pervasive waste problem. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive critical review of current developments in soilless culture, growing media, and future options of using different materials other than peat and rockwool. Apart from growing media properties and their performance from the point of view of plant production, economic and environmental factors are also important. Climate change, CO2 emissions, and other ecological issues will determine and drive the development of soilless culture systems and the choice of growing media in the near future. Bioresources, e.g., treated and untreated waste, as well as renewable raw materials, have great potential to be used as growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates. A waste management strategy aimed at reducing, reusing, and recycling should be further and stronger applied in soilless culture systems. We concluded that the growing media of the future must be available, affordable, and sustainable and meet both quality and environmental requirements from growers and society, respectively.

ACS Style

Nazim S. Gruda. Increasing Sustainability of Growing Media Constituents and Stand-Alone Substrates in Soilless Culture Systems. Agronomy 2019, 9, 298 .

AMA Style

Nazim S. Gruda. Increasing Sustainability of Growing Media Constituents and Stand-Alone Substrates in Soilless Culture Systems. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (6):298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazim S. Gruda. 2019. "Increasing Sustainability of Growing Media Constituents and Stand-Alone Substrates in Soilless Culture Systems." Agronomy 9, no. 6: 298.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Scientia Horticulturae
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The gradually accumulation of nutrients in organic substrates during growing season may have adverse effects on plant development. This study was conducted to determine the mode of nutrient accumulation and alteration at molecular level induced by the excess nutrient stress in tomato. The ICP-MS was used to analyze mineral ions in root zone solution and nutrients uptake by tomato plants; and iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis was conducted to identify proteome changes in tomato roots. Coir and peat-vermiculite were used in substrate treated experiments. Results showed that the content of K+ was higher in coir than in peat-vermiculite whereas it was the opposite for Ca2+. The concentrations of NO3−, SO42- and Mg2+ were significantly higher in peat-vermiculite and coir substrates than in water culture. The peat-vermiculite substrates generally enhanced Ca uptake but reduced P uptake by plants, when compared to both coir and water culture. Compared to water culture, functional annotation analysis of the root proteome revealed that the excess nutrient accumulation induced complex proteomic alterations involved in mineral ion binding and transport. A total of 358 differentially abundant proteins (DAPS) were identified, including 11 mineral ion binding and transport related proteins, such as calmodulin-like protein and nitrate transporter 3.2 under peat-vermiculite and coir cultivations. RT-qPCR was used to validate nine genes encoding DAPS. We believe that these indicators will contribute to a better control of soilless culture systems and a waste reduction in production of tomatoes.

ACS Style

Jiayi Xing; Nazim Gruda; Jing Xiong; Wei Liu. Influence of organic substrates on nutrient accumulation and proteome changes in tomato-roots. Scientia Horticulturae 2019, 252, 192 -200.

AMA Style

Jiayi Xing, Nazim Gruda, Jing Xiong, Wei Liu. Influence of organic substrates on nutrient accumulation and proteome changes in tomato-roots. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019; 252 ():192-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiayi Xing; Nazim Gruda; Jing Xiong; Wei Liu. 2019. "Influence of organic substrates on nutrient accumulation and proteome changes in tomato-roots." Scientia Horticulturae 252, no. : 192-200.

Review
Published: 28 March 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Here we provide a critical and comprehensive review of recent developments in the impact of protected cultivation on climate change and map the factors involved. Some possible ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are suggested and some sustainable adaptation strategies are indicated. We expand our survey of the existing research to the entire production system, including greenhouse structure, energy, electricity, growing media, and fertilizers. Technical and conceptual innovations are discussed, along with structural solutions, such as screenhouses. We believe that this work will contribute to facilitating reductions in direct and indirect emissions from the greenhouse gas inventory while simultaneously reducing the waste from protected cultivation systems. Moreover, we believe that this review will shed new light on some of these approaches and suggest new ways for cleaner production in controlled-environment systems. The transition to sustainable protected cultivation systems needs to be economically viable – innovative adaptations are required. We recommend adaptations such as maximum insulation, smart climate control, sustainable energy sources such as biogas, photovoltaics and geothermal energy, as well as new concepts for crop production to reduce the impact of protected cultivation on climate change.

ACS Style

Nazim Gruda; Mehdi Bisbis; Josef Tanny. Impacts of protected vegetable cultivation on climate change and adaptation strategies for cleaner production – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 225, 324 -339.

AMA Style

Nazim Gruda, Mehdi Bisbis, Josef Tanny. Impacts of protected vegetable cultivation on climate change and adaptation strategies for cleaner production – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 225 ():324-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazim Gruda; Mehdi Bisbis; Josef Tanny. 2019. "Impacts of protected vegetable cultivation on climate change and adaptation strategies for cleaner production – A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 225, no. : 324-339.

Review
Published: 22 March 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The interaction between agriculture, particularly intensive greenhouse horticulture, and climate, is of dual nature since resources required to produce crops, such as fossil fuel, affect climate change (CC), which, in turn, will backfire with altered growing conditions in the future. For instance, phenomena like heat waves and severe droughts would significantly affect management of protected cultivation systems, which would require adaptation processes. This puts greenhouse vegetable producers under high pressure, as they are required to adopt environmentally friendly production strategies. Here, we provide a comprehensive critical review of the effects of present and future CC scenarios on controlled environment agriculture as well as the mapping of climate protection measures in these environments. We examined published articles from 1990 to 2019, focused mainly on the European region and pinpointing the differences between the temperate North and the Mediterranean basin, although some research works from other regions were also considered. We recommend adaptations in terms of sufficient cooling, and improvement of natural and additional light for winter production. Technical and conceptual innovations such as the semi-/closed greenhouse based on mechanical cooling and dehumidification are discussed along with structural solutions such as passively ventilated greenhouses and screenhouses. Moreover, we recommend adaptation in terms of cultivar selection, greenhouse type, cover material, cultural practices and production technology to cope with abnormal climate alterations and extreme weather conditions associated with CC. We believe that this work will contribute to advance sustainable year-round production.

ACS Style

Nazim Gruda; Mehdi Bisbis; Josef Tanny. Influence of climate change on protected cultivation: Impacts and sustainable adaptation strategies - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 225, 481 -495.

AMA Style

Nazim Gruda, Mehdi Bisbis, Josef Tanny. Influence of climate change on protected cultivation: Impacts and sustainable adaptation strategies - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 225 ():481-495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazim Gruda; Mehdi Bisbis; Josef Tanny. 2019. "Influence of climate change on protected cultivation: Impacts and sustainable adaptation strategies - A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 225, no. : 481-495.

Conference paper
Published: 07 December 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Orthosiphon aristatus Boldingh., a native tropical plant from Indonesia, is a medicinal herb that has been reported to possess an antidiabetic potential. However, study on this functional activity is limited especially on in vitro plant culture of Orthosiphon aristatus. The present study sought to investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) and ultrasonic (US) on this potential for in vitro shoot cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus (ISCOA). Methanol (70% v/v) extracts of ISCOA had the ability to inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes, dependent on the concentration of the extract. Among all treatment, highest inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were observed in combined treatment between UV for 60 minutes and US for 6 minutes. This was showed by the highest reduction by 0.4 point of IC50 inhibitory α-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities in day 3 and in day 1 after exposure UV and US, respectively. The combination of UV and US has been shown to be effective in improving potential anti-diabetic properties of in vitro shoot cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus in which correlated with the increasing level of secondary metabolites.

ACS Style

Stp Ing. Dase Hunaefi; Nancy Dewi Yuliana; Iryna Smetanska; N. Gruda. Effect of ultraviolet and ultrasonic on potential antidiabetic activity of in vitro shoot cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2018, 207, 012008 .

AMA Style

Stp Ing. Dase Hunaefi, Nancy Dewi Yuliana, Iryna Smetanska, N. Gruda. Effect of ultraviolet and ultrasonic on potential antidiabetic activity of in vitro shoot cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 207 (1):012008.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stp Ing. Dase Hunaefi; Nancy Dewi Yuliana; Iryna Smetanska; N. Gruda. 2018. "Effect of ultraviolet and ultrasonic on potential antidiabetic activity of in vitro shoot cultures of Orthosiphon aristatus." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 207, no. 1: 012008.

Review
Published: 12 November 2018 in European Journal of Horticultural Science
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ACS Style

N. Gruda; D. Savvas; G. Colla; Youssef Rouphael. Impacts of genetic material and current technologies on product quality of selected greenhouse vegetables – A review. European Journal of Horticultural Science 2018, 83, 319 -328.

AMA Style

N. Gruda, D. Savvas, G. Colla, Youssef Rouphael. Impacts of genetic material and current technologies on product quality of selected greenhouse vegetables – A review. European Journal of Horticultural Science. 2018; 83 (5):319-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Gruda; D. Savvas; G. Colla; Youssef Rouphael. 2018. "Impacts of genetic material and current technologies on product quality of selected greenhouse vegetables – A review." European Journal of Horticultural Science 83, no. 5: 319-328.