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Various theragnostic agents have been devised and developed as cancer treatments; however, existing agents are often limited by their specific functions and complexities. Here, we report multifunctional magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles functionalized with chlorin e6 (Ce6) and folic acid (FA) using a simple fabrication process to be used as theragnostic agents in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The effectiveness of cellular uptake of Fe3O4-Ce6-FA nanoparticles (FCF NPs) and its visualization as well as the photodynamic anticancer activities were evaluated. The mechanism of cancer cell death by the FCF NPs was also verified with qualitative and quantitative methods. Results indicate that FCF NPs have good penetration efficacy, resulting in excellent in vitro fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging in cancer cells. FCF NPs exhibited promising anticancer activity in an irradiation time- and FCF NPs-dose-dependent manner in various cancer cell lines, leading to apoptotic cell death via morphological changes in cell membrane, nuclear, and DNA damage, and via overexpression of apoptosis-related genes, such as ZFP36L1, CYR61, GADD45G, caspases-2, -3, -9, 10, and -14. This study suggests that FCF NPs may be safely used in cancer therapy via PDT and could be a versatile therapeutic tool and biocompatible theragnostic agent, which may be used in diagnostic imaging.
Ki Chang Nam; Yong Soo Han; Jong-Min Lee; Si Chan Kim; Guangsup Cho; Bong Joo Park. Photo-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier of Photodynamic Anticancer Agent for Biomedical Theragnostics. Cancers 2020, 12, 571 .
AMA StyleKi Chang Nam, Yong Soo Han, Jong-Min Lee, Si Chan Kim, Guangsup Cho, Bong Joo Park. Photo-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier of Photodynamic Anticancer Agent for Biomedical Theragnostics. Cancers. 2020; 12 (3):571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKi Chang Nam; Yong Soo Han; Jong-Min Lee; Si Chan Kim; Guangsup Cho; Bong Joo Park. 2020. "Photo-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier of Photodynamic Anticancer Agent for Biomedical Theragnostics." Cancers 12, no. 3: 571.
A mixture of nanothin exfoliated (NTE) graphite and urea (CO(NH2)2) powder was treated with radio frequency (RF) thermal plasma to achieve in situ purification and nitrogen doping of NTE graphite using the high-temperature flame of the RF plasma. Reactive species such as NH3, NH2, and HCNO generated by the thermolysis of urea play an important role in the purification and nitrogen doping of NTE graphite. The nitrogen content of NTE graphite subjected to plasma treatment increased by 5 times compared with that of raw NTE graphite. Three types of nitrogen species, namely, quaternary N, pyridinic N, and pyrrolic N, were observed after N doping with plasma treatment. The sheet resistance of N-doped NTE graphite reduced to 12-21% compared to that of the untreated NTE graphite, with the corresponding resistivity being ~7 × 10-6 Ω m.
Byung-Koo Son; Kyu-Hang Lee; Tae-Hee Kim; Myung-Sun Shin; Sun-Yong Choi; Guangsup Cho. Purification and Nitrogen Doping of Nanothin Exfoliated Graphite Through RF Thermal Plasma Treatment. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 995 .
AMA StyleByung-Koo Son, Kyu-Hang Lee, Tae-Hee Kim, Myung-Sun Shin, Sun-Yong Choi, Guangsup Cho. Purification and Nitrogen Doping of Nanothin Exfoliated Graphite Through RF Thermal Plasma Treatment. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9 (7):995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung-Koo Son; Kyu-Hang Lee; Tae-Hee Kim; Myung-Sun Shin; Sun-Yong Choi; Guangsup Cho. 2019. "Purification and Nitrogen Doping of Nanothin Exfoliated Graphite Through RF Thermal Plasma Treatment." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7: 995.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative to conventional cancer treatment methods. Nonetheless, improvement of in vivo light penetration and cancer cell-targeting efficiency remain major challenges in clinical photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to develop multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with a photosensitizer (PS) and cancer-targeting molecules via a simple surface modification process for PDT. To selectively target cancer cells and PDT functionality, core magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were covalently bound with chlorin e6 (Ce6) as a PS and folic acid (FA). When irradiated with a 660-nm long-wavelength light source, the Fe3O4-Ce6-FA nanoparticles with good biocompatibility exerted marked anticancer effects via apoptosis, as confirmed by analyzing the translocation of the plasma membrane, nuclear fragmentation, activities of caspase-3/7 in prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. Ce6, used herein as a PS, is thus more useful for PDT because of its ability to produce a high singlet oxygen quantum yield, which is owed to deep penetration by virtue of its long-wavelength absorption band; however, further in vivo studies are required to verify its biological effects for clinical applications.
Kyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Bong Joo Park. Enhanced Photodynamic Anticancer Activities of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Conjugated with Chlorin e6 and Folic Acid in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 722 .
AMA StyleKyong-Hoon Choi, Ki Chang Nam, Guangsup Cho, Jin-Seung Jung, Bong Joo Park. Enhanced Photodynamic Anticancer Activities of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Conjugated with Chlorin e6 and Folic Acid in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8 (9):722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Bong Joo Park. 2018. "Enhanced Photodynamic Anticancer Activities of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Conjugated with Chlorin e6 and Folic Acid in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9: 722.
The objective of this study is the investigation of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) with the solid plates and the flexible polymer films. A high capacitance with a high dielectric constant and a small thickness is responsible for the discharge of a high plasma current with a low operation voltage; here, the thin flexible polyimide film ensured a high capacitance, and is comparable to the thick solid-plate alumina. In the long-duration test of the dielectric-surface plasma erosion, the solid plates show a high resistance against the plasma erosions, while the polymer films are vulnerable to the etching by the plasma-species chemical reaction. The polymer-film surface, however, was reinforced remarkably against the plasma erosion by the silicone-paste coating.
Junggil Kim; Sang-Jin Kim; Young-Nam Lee; In-Tae Kim; Guangsup Cho. Discharge Characteristics and Plasma Erosion of Various Dielectric Materials in the Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1294 .
AMA StyleJunggil Kim, Sang-Jin Kim, Young-Nam Lee, In-Tae Kim, Guangsup Cho. Discharge Characteristics and Plasma Erosion of Various Dielectric Materials in the Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (8):1294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunggil Kim; Sang-Jin Kim; Young-Nam Lee; In-Tae Kim; Guangsup Cho. 2018. "Discharge Characteristics and Plasma Erosion of Various Dielectric Materials in the Dielectric Barrier Discharges." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1294.
In the field of drug delivery, a nebulizer is a device used to convert liquid drugs into tiny airborne droplets, such as aerosol or a mist form. These fine droplets are delivered to a patient’s lungs and airways and then spread throughout the body via blood vessels. Therefore, nebulization therapy is a highly-effective method compared with existing drug delivery methods. To enhance the curative influence of a drug, this study suggests the use of a new micro-porous mesh nebulizer consisting of a controllable palladium–nickel (Pd–Ni) membrane filter, piezoelectric element, and a cavity in the micro-pump. In this research, we optimize a biocompatible Pd–Ni membrane filter, such that it generated the smallest aerosol particles of various drugs. The pore size of the filter outlet is 4.2 μm ± 0.15 μm and the thickness of the Pd-Ni membrane filter is approximately 41.5 μm. In addition, the Pd–Ni membrane filter has good biocompatibility with normal cells. The result of a spray test with deionized (DI) water indicated that the size of a standard liquid droplet is 4.53 μm. The device has an electrical requirement, with a low power consumption of 2.5 W, and an optimal operation frequency of 98.5 kHz.
Kyong-Hoon Choi; Sang-Hyub Moon; Su-Kang Park; Guangsup Cho; Ki Chang Nam; Bong Joo Park. Fabrication and Characterization of Medical Mesh-Nebulizer for Aerosol Drug Delivery. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 604 .
AMA StyleKyong-Hoon Choi, Sang-Hyub Moon, Su-Kang Park, Guangsup Cho, Ki Chang Nam, Bong Joo Park. Fabrication and Characterization of Medical Mesh-Nebulizer for Aerosol Drug Delivery. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (4):604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyong-Hoon Choi; Sang-Hyub Moon; Su-Kang Park; Guangsup Cho; Ki Chang Nam; Bong Joo Park. 2018. "Fabrication and Characterization of Medical Mesh-Nebulizer for Aerosol Drug Delivery." Applied Sciences 8, no. 4: 604.
A plasma pad that can be attached to human skin was developed for aesthetic and dermatological treatment. A polyimide film was used for the dielectric layer of the flexible pad, and high-voltage and ground electrodes were placed on the film surface. Medical gauze covered the ground electrodes and was placed facing the skin to act as a spacer; thus, the plasma floated between the gauze and ground electrodes. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests of the pad showed no cytotoxicity to normal cells and no irritation of mouse skin. Antibacterial activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Furthermore, skin wound healing with increased hair growth resulting from increased exogenous nitric oxide and capillary tube formation induced by the plasma pad was also confirmed in vivo. The present study suggests that this flexible and wearable plasma pad can be used for biomedical applications such as treatment of wounds and bacterial infections.
Junggil Kim; Kyong-Hoon Choi; Yunjung Kim; Bong Joo Park; Guangsup Cho. Wearable Plasma Pads for Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences 2017, 7, 1308 .
AMA StyleJunggil Kim, Kyong-Hoon Choi, Yunjung Kim, Bong Joo Park, Guangsup Cho. Wearable Plasma Pads for Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7 (12):1308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunggil Kim; Kyong-Hoon Choi; Yunjung Kim; Bong Joo Park; Guangsup Cho. 2017. "Wearable Plasma Pads for Biomedical Applications." Applied Sciences 7, no. 12: 1308.
We report a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle with antioxidant properties, prepared by immobilizing the antioxidant 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (caffeic acid, CA) on the surfaces of micro-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-treated ZnO nanoparticles. The microstructure and physical properties of [email protected] nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy, and steady state spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activity of [email protected] nanoparticles was evaluated using an ABTS (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay. [email protected] nanoparticles exhibited robust antioxidant activity. Moreover, [email protected] nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) including resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Although Gram-negative bacteria appeared to be more resistant to [email protected] nanoparticles than Gram-positive bacteria, the antibacterial activity of [email protected] nanoparticles was dependent on particle concentration. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of [email protected] may be useful for various biomedical and nanoindustrial applications.
Kyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Sang-Yoon Lee; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Ho-Joong Kim; Bong Joo Park. Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Efficiency of Caffeic Acid-Functionalized ZnO Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 148 .
AMA StyleKyong-Hoon Choi, Ki Chang Nam, Sang-Yoon Lee, Guangsup Cho, Jin-Seung Jung, Ho-Joong Kim, Bong Joo Park. Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Efficiency of Caffeic Acid-Functionalized ZnO Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7 (6):148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Sang-Yoon Lee; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Ho-Joong Kim; Bong Joo Park. 2017. "Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Efficiency of Caffeic Acid-Functionalized ZnO Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 7, no. 6: 148.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been adopted as a minimally invasive approach for the localized treatment of superficial tumors, representing an improvement in the care of cancer patients. To improve the efficacy of PDT, it is important to first select an optimized nanocarrier and determine the influence of light parameters on the photosensitizing agent. In particular, much more knowledge concerning the importance of fluence and exposure time is required to gain a better understanding of the photodynamic efficacy. In the present study, we synthesized novel folic acid-(FA) and hematoporphyrin (HP)-conjugated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4-HPs-FAs), which were characterized as effective anticancer reagents for PDT, and evaluated the influence of incubation time and light exposure time on the photodynamic anticancer activities of CoFe2O4-HPs-FAs in prostate cancer cells (PC-3 cells). The results indicated that the same fluence at different exposure times resulted in changes in the anticancer activities on PC-3 cells as well as in reactive oxygen species formation. In addition, an increase of the fluence showed an improvement for cell photo-inactivation. Therefore, we have established optimized conditions for new multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles with direct application for improving PDT for cancer patients.
Kyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Un-Ho Kim; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Bong Joo Park. Optimized Photodynamic Therapy with Multifunctional Cobalt Magnetic Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 144 .
AMA StyleKyong-Hoon Choi, Ki Chang Nam, Un-Ho Kim, Guangsup Cho, Jin-Seung Jung, Bong Joo Park. Optimized Photodynamic Therapy with Multifunctional Cobalt Magnetic Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7 (6):144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyong-Hoon Choi; Ki Chang Nam; Un-Ho Kim; Guangsup Cho; Jin-Seung Jung; Bong Joo Park. 2017. "Optimized Photodynamic Therapy with Multifunctional Cobalt Magnetic Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 7, no. 6: 144.
Guangsup Cho; Yunjung Kim; Han Sup Uhm. The jet-stream channels of gas and plasma in atmospheric-pressure plasma jets. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2016, 69, 525 -535.
AMA StyleGuangsup Cho, Yunjung Kim, Han Sup Uhm. The jet-stream channels of gas and plasma in atmospheric-pressure plasma jets. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2016; 69 (4):525-535.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuangsup Cho; Yunjung Kim; Han Sup Uhm. 2016. "The jet-stream channels of gas and plasma in atmospheric-pressure plasma jets." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 69, no. 4: 525-535.
The propagation of plasma jets with argon gas is characterized in terms of two factors, the effect of electric field distribution along the tube and the effect of voltage polarity, from the observed results of optical signals along the entire column of plasma. The optical signal of plasma propagates from the high electric-field region of high-voltage electrode toward the low field region of the open air-space, regardless of the polarity of the voltage. The optical intensity and the propagation velocity are higher for the positive voltage than for the negative voltage. Moreover, the length of plasma plume exited from the end of the glass tube into the open air is shorter for the negative voltage. When the optical intensity is strong enough, a secondary peak signal follows the primary peak. In the plasma column on the inside of the glass tube, the optical intensity and the propagation velocity depend on the strength of the electric field; they are both high at the high-field region of voltage terminal and decay toward the end of the tube. The velocity is as fast as 104 m/s at the high-field region and slows down to 103 m/s at the low-field region of the glass-tube end. However, the plasma accelerates drastically to be (104–105) m/s after exiting the glass tube toward open air, even though the electric field is a quite low and thus the optical signal decays low before fading out. The experimental observations present in this report are explained with the propagation of the plasma diffusion waves.
Yunjung Kim; Gook-Hee Han; Sewhan Jin; Eun-Ha Choi; Han Sup Uhm; Guangsup Cho. Measurement of optical signals as a plasma propagation in the atmospheric pressure plasma jet columns. Current Applied Physics 2014, 14, 1718 -1726.
AMA StyleYunjung Kim, Gook-Hee Han, Sewhan Jin, Eun-Ha Choi, Han Sup Uhm, Guangsup Cho. Measurement of optical signals as a plasma propagation in the atmospheric pressure plasma jet columns. Current Applied Physics. 2014; 14 (12):1718-1726.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYunjung Kim; Gook-Hee Han; Sewhan Jin; Eun-Ha Choi; Han Sup Uhm; Guangsup Cho. 2014. "Measurement of optical signals as a plasma propagation in the atmospheric pressure plasma jet columns." Current Applied Physics 14, no. 12: 1718-1726.
An atmospheric plasma jet device consisting of a syringe electrode inserted into a glass tube has been introduced. A high voltage is applied to the syringe electrode with a DC-AC inverter at a few tens of kHz. The external electrode on the outside surface of the glass tube is grounded. The current-voltage characteristics and the plume length are investigated with respect to the electrode gap distance d and the external electrode width w. The breakdown voltage depends on the gap distance d while the width w acts as a capacitance in the AC-discharge circuit. When the gap distance is short and the width is narrow, the breakdown voltage is lower and is accompanied by a low current by which the plume length is adjustable from 0 mm initially to a saturated value of about 10 mm as the voltage is increased after breakdown. If the device has a long gap and a wide width, a high breakdown voltage and a high current initially make a plume of finite length at the breakdown, which saturates shortly thereafter. This allows the plasma emission current and the plume length to be controlled with a short gap distance d and a narrow width w of the external electrode.
Jong-Yoon Jeong; Yunjung Kim; Min Kyung Lee; Gook-Hee Han; Hyunchul Kim; Dongjun Jin; Junghyun Kim; Eunha Choi; Han Sup Uhm; Guangsup Cho. Influence of an external electrode on a plasma plume ejected from a syringe electrode inside a glass tube. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2012, 61, 557 -562.
AMA StyleJong-Yoon Jeong, Yunjung Kim, Min Kyung Lee, Gook-Hee Han, Hyunchul Kim, Dongjun Jin, Junghyun Kim, Eunha Choi, Han Sup Uhm, Guangsup Cho. Influence of an external electrode on a plasma plume ejected from a syringe electrode inside a glass tube. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2012; 61 (4):557-562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJong-Yoon Jeong; Yunjung Kim; Min Kyung Lee; Gook-Hee Han; Hyunchul Kim; Dongjun Jin; Junghyun Kim; Eunha Choi; Han Sup Uhm; Guangsup Cho. 2012. "Influence of an external electrode on a plasma plume ejected from a syringe electrode inside a glass tube." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 61, no. 4: 557-562.