Atmospheric profiles are important input parameters for atmospheric radiative transfer models and atmospheric parameter inversions. The construction of regionally representative reference atmospheric profiles can provide basic data for global atmospheric and environmental research. Most reference atmospheric profile databases commonly used lag behind in updating frequency. These databases usually have limited spatial and temporal resolution and differ greatly from the real atmospheric state. To present the real atmospheric state, this article constructs the Global Reference Atmospheric Profile Database (GRAP) based on ACE-FTS satellite products of 2021 and 2022, AIRS satellite products and ERA5 reanalysis data of 2022 u6sing a random forest regression model and a hierarchical mean algorithm. The radiance spectrum of FY-3E HIRAS-II using different profile databases was simulated and compared with the measured spectrum. The results show that GRAP spectral simulations fit better with the measured HIRAS-II spectrum. Comparing the CO₂, CH₄, O₃ and N₂O profiles of GRAP, AFGL, MIPAS, RTTOV and NDACC ground station profiles in equatorial, mid-latitude summer and polar winter, the results show that GRAP has high spatial and temporal resolution and better fits the current real atmospheric state. Comparing the temperature profiles of eight regions in China, the results illustrate that GRAP is a better representation of the state of the atmosphere in the Chinese region. GRAP can provide fundamental atmospheric data for radiative transfer studies and atmospheric parameter inversions.

Extreme ozone events along Long Island's south shore—a key downwind region of New York City—remain poorly understood due to limited spatial observations. We show that the new geostationary TEMPO satellite enables hourly tracking of urban plume transport, dispersion, and ozone formation across complex coastal environments. Using TEMPO data, we (a) traced precursor emission transport and processing, (b) reconstructed high ground‐level ozone using hourly ozone production rates, and (c) evaluated targeted emission control strategies. The reconstructed ozone patterns matched surface observations well. Ozone production analysis revealed nearly equal contributions from formaldehyde and NO ₂ , with spatial variability reflecting changing chemical sensitivity regimes. The sensitivity of O ₃ to precursor reduction test suggested that VOC‐focused controls are more effective than NO _x under current conditions. These results provide a mechanistic framework for diagnosing and managing coastal ozone pollution and demonstrate the transformative value of geostationary satellite observations for regional air quality management.

The Atmospheric Infrared Ultra-Spectral Sounder (AIUS) is China's first infrared occultation spectrometer onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite. This instrument provides measurements in the near- infrared and mid- infrared spectral regions with a spectral resolution of 0.02 cm $^{-1}$ , monitoring key greenhouse gases like methane (CH $_{4}$ ). In this study, we have developed a physics-based retrieval algorithm for accurately deriving methane mole fraction profiles from infrared absorption spectra. The retrieval algorithm is applied to AIUS and successfully obtains methane mole fraction profiles from January to December 2019 over Antarctic. The validation results show that the retrieval algorithm has a satisfactory performance using AIUS measurements, with average relative standard deviation of the differences less than 7.2 % throughout the altitude range of 10-70 km.